B,  0, 
LAWYER 

DALL 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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DALLAS,  TEXAS 


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HKXX    PITMAN 
ATTIIOK    AMERICAN    PITMAN    SHORTHAND 


The     JV  e  tv     P  r  a  c  f  t  c'a  I 

SHORTHAND 

AN  U 


S]  COMPLETE   and  Compre- 
**^  hensi-Ve    Exposition    of 


~/~HO  -R  THA  ^f  7> 

adapted  _for    use    in    Schools,    Col- 
leges    and    _for     Home     Instruction 


E   V  I  *?  E  T>    E  T)  I  T  I  O 


PREFACE. 

With  every  great  revolution  comes  the  necessity  for  a 
change  of  means  and  methods  adapted  to  the  new  condi- 
tion of  affairs.    The  great  revolution  in  business  which  has 
been  wrought  by  the    general   introduction  of  shorthand 
and  typewriting  in  office  work,  found  the  mechanism   of 
schools  entirely  inadequate  for  the  suitable  preparation  of 
stenographers.      Improvement    has    been    made,    but   still 
every  good  book  for  instruction  in  shorthand  is  a  boon 
both  to  teachers  and  to  those  who  propose  to  make  ste- 
nography their  means  of  earning  a  living  or  winning  an 
honorable  record  in  the  great  army  of  high-class  workers. 
J~  If  excuse  were  needed,  this  is  our  only  excuse  for  present- 
n  ing  the  Xew  Practical  Manual  of  Shorthand.     It  gives  the 
a=  general  principles  of  the  Pitman  system,  with  such  changes 
^   as  time  and  use  have  proved  most  necessary,  and  outlines  a 
-7   method  of  teaching  shorthand  which  is  the  outgrowth  of 
long  experience.    It  is  confidently  believed  that  the  diligent 
s1"   student  will  find  in  the  following  pages  a  smooth  road  to 
^  the  acquisition  of  a  successful  and  fascinating  study. 

NOTE   TO    REVISED    EDITION.  —  The    cordial   endorse- 
ment which  has  been  given  to  this   book  by  Shorthand 
3    teachers,  together  with  the  results  of  its  work  in  our  own 
fc    school,  as  shown  in  the  successful  careers  of  our  Shorthand 
"    students,  have  led  us  to  undertake  a  revision  of  its  con- 
tents, by  which  we  have  improved  some  important  features 
of  the  original  and  added  about  twenty-five  pages  of  new 
material. 

We  now  present  this  revised  edition  with  the  hope  that  it 
may  continue  the  good  work  already  accomplished  by  the 
earlier  editions. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 
V 


Introduction,  -     - 

Elementary  Sounds,  i 

Exercise  on  Analysis,    -  2 

Consonant  Alphabet,    -  7 

Joined  Consonants,  -     -  13 

First  Position  Vowels,  -  14 

Second     "  17 

Third        "            "  19 
Use    of    Upward     and 

Downward  r,   -     -     -  21 
Use    of    Upward     and 

Downward  /,    -  22 

Review  Exercises,          -  22 

Circle  s  and  z,                -  24 

Circle  sez,  -     -  26 

Review  Exercises,    -     -  26 

Loops  st,  zd  and  sir,  28 
When  to  use  Circles  and 

Loops,  -----  30 
The  Initial  w  Hook,  -  32 
Semicircles  w  and_y,  32 
Heavy  m,  -  -  -  34 
Tick  h,-  -  -  34 
Review  Exercises,  -  -  36 
Word-signs  (ist  list),  -  37 
Phrases,  -----  38 
Word-signs  (2d  list),  -  40 
Word-signs  (jd  list),  42 
Straight  Double  Conso- 
nants, -  -  42 
Curved  Double  Conso- 
nants, -  46 
Triple  Consonants,  -  -  48 
The  n  Hook,  -  -  -  -  50 
The  /  or  v  Hook,  -  -  52 


S  Added  to    Final 

Hooks,  -----  52 
Double  Con.  Word-signs,  54 
Ticks,  the,  a,  an  and  and,  54 
Review  Exercises,  -  -  56 
The  Large  w  Hook,  57 
Ml,  nl,  rl,  and  tr,  -  58 
The  Large  Final  Hooks,  60 
The  s-shim  curl,  -  60 
The  Halving  Principle,  62 
The  Doubling  Principle,  66 
Special  Vocalization,  -  66 
WTord-signs  (5th  list),  -  68 
Half-length  Word-signs,  70 
Prefixes  and  Affixes,  72 
Word-signs  (7th  list),  74 
Review  Exercises,  -  -  76 
Table  of  Appendages,  -  78 
Table  of  Word-signs,  -  80 
Formation  of  Outlines,  84 
Consonant  Outlines,  -  83 
Contracted  Outlines,  -  92 
Phrasing,  -  94 
Conclusion,  -  103 
Writing  Exercise,  -  -  104 
Material  for  Practice,  -  128 
Punctuation,  -  128 
Business  Letters,  -  -  129 
Legal  Testimony,  -  140 
Eulogy  on  Washing- 
ton, -  144 
Self-Reliance,  -  -  146 
Exercises  in  Shorthand,  148 
Abbreviations,  -  168 
Phrases,  -  170 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  system  presented  on  the  following  pages  is  that  of 
Pitman,  with  the  addition  of  the  Munson  hook  for  thr  and 
a  few  other  modifications  which  have  been  found  of  special 
value.  It  is  not,  however,  to  add  to  the  already  large  num- 
ber of  systems  that  this  work  has  been  prepared,  but  to 
present  principles  already  well  established,  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  they  may  be  the  most  easily  learned,  and  used  with 
the  best  possible  results.  To  this  end,  the  principles  have 
been  arranged  in  the  most  natural  order,  and  are  illustrated 
by  outlines  for  words  as  they  are  actually  used  in  reporting, 
so  that  the  student  does  not  learn  one  form,  and  then  find, 
in  some  subsequent  lesson,  that  it  is  necessary  to  change 
for  some  other  form. 

As  phonography  is  a  representation  of  the  sounds  of  the 
language,  it  is  necessary  that  the  student  learn  to  recog- 
nize sounds  quickly  and  correctly.  The  exercises  on 
analysis  of  words  have  proved  of  great  value  in  this  respect. 
The  vowels  are  classified  as  finally  to  be  used,  in  this  way 
avoiding  a  large  amount  of  unnecessary  work,  and  the 
confusion,  in  the  mind  of  the  student,  that  has  heretofore 
resulted  from  the  fact  that  he  learned  the  vowels  as  long, 
short,  and  diphthongs,  and  when  they  were  well  in  mind, 


vi  INTRODUCTION. 

found  it  necessary  to  dispense  with  that  division  and  learn 
them  in  a  different  order;  namely,  first,  second,  and  third 
position.  As  it  is  very  desirable  that  first  impressions  be 
correct,  and  as  the  first  thing  necessary  to  determine  in 
writing  shorthand  is  the  position  of  the  accented  vowel 
of  each  word,  it  follows  that  the  only  division  of  the  vowels 
which  the  student  should  know,  is  that  of  position.  This 
new  grouping  of  the  vowels  prevents  much  hesitation  in 
writing,  as  well  as  much  illegibility. 

The  position  of  outlines  is  also  taught  from  the  beginning, 
so  that  the  old  stumbling  blocks  "  Corresponding  Style  " 
and  "  Reporting  Style  "  are  removed.  No  change  is  made 
from  the  former  to  the  latter,  but  the  whole  scheme  is  a 
gradual  development  of  the  reporting  style.  Through- 
out the  book,  great  emphasis  is  put  upon  legibility,  and  the 
use  of  the  various  appendages  is  so  presented  as  to  con- 
tribute very  materially  to  this  important  object,  as  well  as 
to  the  other  requirement  of  phonography;  namely,  speed. 
Unnecessary  and  difficult  word-signs  have  been  eliminated, 
yet  enough  are  given  for  the  most  rapid  work. 

The  principles  of  phrasing  and  the  formation  of  outlines 
are  so  explained  and  illustrated  as  to  make  it  possible  for 
the  student  to  develop  the  utmost  skill  in  reporting. 


ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS. 


1.  An  alphabet  should  have  a  character  for  each  elemen- 
tary sound  of  the  language  it  professes   to  represent.     If 
any   considerable  speed  is  desired  in  writing,  these  char- 
acters should  be  the  simplest  possible,  and  the  most  easily 
formed  should  be  assigned  to  the  most  frequently  occur- 
ring sounds. 

2.  A  moment's  thought  will  readily  show  that  the  long- 
hand in  common  use  is  very  defective   in   all  the  above 
particulars.     It  is  most  ridiculous  to  teach  young  children 
that  k-n-o-w  spells  no;   in-e-i-g-h-e-d,  wad ;    a-c-/t-e,  ak  ; 
s-t-r-a-i-g-h-t,  strat ;  p-h-l-e-g-m,  flem  ;  or  even  t-a-k-e,  tak. 
Attention  is  called  to  this  unreasonable  mode  of  spelling 
in  order  that  a  perfect  alphabet  may  be  better  understood 
and  appreciated. 

3.  The  basis  upon  which  the  present  system  of  short- 
hand is  constructed  is  that  each  elementary  sound  is  always 
represented  by  the  same  character,  and  that  a  given  char- 
acter shall  always  represent  the  same  sound.     The  spelling, 
therefore,  is  entirely  phonetic  and  without  any  regard  to 
longhand.     Thus,  the    word    w-e-i-g-h-e-d  is  written    with 
the  marks  which  represent  the  sounds  of  w-a-d ;    a-c-h-e, 
with  those  which  represent  the  sounds  of  a  and  k  ;  and  all 
other  words  in  the  same  manner. 


2  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

4.  Before  a  word  can  be  written  in  shorthand  it  must  be 
analyzed  —  that  is,  separated  into  its  elementary  sounds  — 
and  in  order  that  the  student  may  learn  to  do  this  readily, 
the  Exercise  on  Analysis  of  Words  should  be  thoroughly 
practiced. 

5.  The  consonants  should  not  be  pronounced  as  in  long- 
hand, but  should  be  given  the  exact  sounds  as  heard  in 
words  ;  e.  g.,  do  not  say  be,  and  de,  but  the  pure  consonant 
sounds  as   heard  at  the  end  of  ebb  and  aid.     The  vowels 
should  also  be  pronounced  precisely  as  heard  in  the  words 
in  which  they  are  used.     Thus,  bad  should  not  be  spelled 
be-Ci-de,  but,  ~b-a-d. 

6.  All  words  given  in  the  exercise  below  should  be  studied 
as  follows  :     i.  Pronounce  the  word  distinctly  and  correctly. 
2.   Sound    the   elements   slowly.      3.  Cover   the    "word" 
column  with  a  slip  of  paper  and  pronounce  the  elements 
until  the  correct  word  is  suggested.     4.  Cover  the  "ele- 
ments "  column  and  analyze  the  words.     Rapid  analysis  is 
necessary  in  writing  shorthand.    Correct  synthesis  is  essen- 
tial in  reading  shorthand.     Therefore,  the  student  should 
not  hurry  over  these  words,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  give 
them  his  very  best  attention. 

Exercise  on  Analysis  of  Words. 

Word.  Elements.  Word.  Elements. 

make  m-a-k  came  k-a-m 

take  t-a-k  same  s-a-m 

lake  1-a-k  jail  j-a-1 

rake  r-a-k  sail  s-a-1 

bake  b-a-k  chaise  sh-a-z 

shake  sh-a-k  bathe  b-a-th 

name  n-a-m  wait  w-a-t 

fame  f-a-m  days  d-a-z 

gale  g-a-1  age  a-j 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Word. 

Elements. 

Word. 

Elements, 

lathe 

1-a-th 

paw 

P-a 

rage 

r-a-j 

talk 

t-a-k 

maze 

m-a-z 

chalk 

ch-a-k 

Yale 

y-a-1 

bought 

b-a-t 

sake 

s-a-k 

caught 

k-a-t 

chain 

ch-a-n 

fall 

f-a-1 

mat 

m-a-t 

tall 

t-a-1 

rat 

r-a-t 

fawn 

f-a-n 

nap 

n-a-p 

thaw 

th-a 

catch 

k-a-ch 

dawn 

d-a-n 

gag 

g-a-g 

gnaw 

n-a 

thatch 

th-a-ch 

gall 

g-a-1 

smash 

s-m-a-sh 

thorn 

th-a-r-n 

that 

th-a-t 

paws 

p-a-z 

vamp 

v-a-m-p 

pause 

p-a-z 

hatch 

h-a-ch 

gauze 

g-3-z 

bank 

b-a-ng-k 

wroth 

r-a-th 

thank 

th-a-ng-k 

feet 

f-e'-t 

tank 

t-a-ng-k 

meat 

m-e-t 

far 

f-a-r 

team 

t-e-m 

jar 

j-a-r 

beat 

b-e-t 

palm 

p-ii-m 

ream 

r-e-m 

calm 

k-a-m 

leap 

1-e-p 

dark 

d-a-r-k 

teaze 

t-e-z 

park 

p-a-r-k 

seize 

s-e-z 

farm 

f-;i-r-m 

weep 

w-e-p 

czar 

z-ii-r 

thee 

th-e 

arm 

ii-r-m 

these 

th-e-z 

harm 

h-a-r-m 

shear 

sh-e-r 

.hark 

h-a-r-k 

heath 

h-e-th 

yard 

y-a-r-d 

teeth 

t-e-th 

psalm 

s-a-m 

year 

y-6-r 

saw 

s-a 

ease 

e-z 

PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Word. 

Elements. 

Word. 

Elements. 

pet 

p-S-t 

hit 

h-I-t 

fetch 

f-S-ch 

dig 

d-I-g 

met 

m-g-t 

fill 

f-I-1 

desk 

d-g-s-k 

still 

S-t-J-1 

yet 

y-g-t 

list 

1-I-s-t 

cent 

s-g-n-t 

ship 

sh-I-p 

wet 

W-g-t 

chip 

ch-I-p 

sent 

s-g-n-t 

dish 

d-I-sh 

saith 

s-g-th 

ditch 

d-i-ch 

then 

th-e-n 

witty 

w-I-t-I 

egg 

e-g 

thin 

th-I-n 

death 

d-g-th 

sing 

s-I-ng 

tenth 

t-g-n-th 

this 

th-I-s 

gem 

j-g-m 

live 

1-I-v 

check 

ch-e-k 

note 

n-o-t 

shell 

sh-g-1 

rote 

r-o-t 

yellow 

y-e-l-o 

wrote 

r-o-t 

vent 

v-e-n-t 

boat 

b-o-t 

pile 

p-1-1 

goat 

g-o-t 

mile 

m-I-1 

joke 

j-6-k 

dime 

d-l-m 

doze 

d-o-z 

fine 

f-i-n 

sows 

s-o-z 

kind 

k-I-n-d 

wore 

w-o-r 

tithe 

t-i-th 

yore 

y-o-r 

smile 

s-m-I-1 

fop 

f-6-p 

chime 

ch-I-m 

shop 

sh-5-p 

vine 

v-I-n 

knot 

n-5-t 

wind  (v.) 

w-I-n-d 

dog 

d-6-g 

pyre 

p-I-r 

volley 

v-5-l-I 

wire 

w-I-r 

shoddy 

sh-5-d-I 

vice 

v-I-s 

lodge 

1-5-j 

dip 

d-l-p 

watch 

w-5-ch 

pit 

p-I-t 

yon 

y-o-n 

PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Word. 

Elements. 

yacht 
food 

y-o-t 
f-ob-d 

ooze 

ob-z 

noose 

n-oo-s 

cool 

k-ob-1 

boom 

b-ob-m 

moon 

m-ob-n 

boot 

b-ob-t 

hoot 

h-ob-t 

poor 
rouge 

p-ob-r 
r-ob-zh 

goose 
booth 

g-ob-s 
b-ob-th 

took 

t-6t)-k 

shook 

sh-ob-k 

book 

b-cTo-k 

good 
cook 

g-dt>-d 
k-(jb-k 

push 
nook 

p-db-sh 
n-db-k 

wool 

w-dt)-l 

full 

f-do-1 

rude 

r-u-d 

view 

v-u 

new 

n-u 

jury 
pewter 
duly 
huge 
June 
feud 

j-u-r-I 
p-u-t-u-r 
d-u-l-I 
h-ii-j 
j-u-n 
f-u-d 

juice 

j-u-s 

up 

Q-p 

Word, 

cup 

judge 

thumb 

bur 


sir 

young 

were 

vision 

verse 

won 

one 

murky 

buzz 

does 

loves 

shoves 

but 

chum 

tub 

toy 

coy 

decoy 

annoy 

noise 

voice 

rejoice 

enjoy 

point 

voyage 

loiter 

doily 

now 


Elements. 
k-u-p 

j-u-j 

th-u-in 

b-u-r 

p-u-g 

s-u-r 

y-u-ng 

w-u-r 

v-i-zh-u-n 

v-u-r-s 

w-u-n 

w-u-n 

m-u-r-k-I 

b-u-z 

d-ti-z 

1-u-v-z 

sh-u-v-z 

b-fi-t 

ch-u-m 

t-u-b 

t-oi 

k-oi 

d-e-k-oi 

a-n-oi 

n-oi-z 

v-oi-s 

r-e-j-oi-s 

g-n-j-oi 

p-oi-n-t 

v-oi-a-j 

1-oi-t-u-r 

d-oi-l-I 

n-ow 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Word. 

Elements. 

Word. 

Elements. 

how 

h-ow 

variety 

v-a-r-I-e-t-I 

towel 

t-ow-e-1 

inform 

I-n-f-a  r-m 

pound 

p-ow-n-d 

ivory 

i-v-6-r-I 

downy 

d-ow-n-I 

purify 

p-u-r-I-f-l 

house 

h-ow-s 

revive 

r-e-v-1-v 

cows 

k-ow-z 

tarry 

t-a-r-I 

shout 

sh-ow-t 

thorough 

th-u-r-5 

mouth 

m-ow-th 

sketch 

s-k-e-ch 

thousand 

th-ow-z-a-n-d 

besides 

b-e-s-i-d-z 

vouch 

v-ow-ch 

sarcasm 

s-a-r-k-a-z-m 

wound 

w-ow-n-d 

deposit 

d-e-p-5-z-I-t 

thou 

th-ow 

absence 

a-b-s-S-n-s 

know 

n-o 

opposite 

6-p-o-z-I-t 

bask 

b-a-s-k 

welcome 

w-g-1-k-u-m 

bulky 

b-ii-1-k-I 

witness 

w-i-t-n-g-s 

office 

O-f-I-S 

harmony 

h-a-r-m-o-n-I 

opaque 

o-p-a-k 

hammock 

h-a-m-5-k 

enougth 

e-n-u-f 

impeach 

I-m-p-e-ch 

namely 

n-a-m.-1-I 

harangue 

h-a-r-a-ng 

desire 

d-e-z-I-r 

hemlock 

h-e-m-l-5-k 

repose 

r-e-p-o-z 

exercise 

6-k-s-u-r-s-l-z 

scheme 

s-k-e-m 

judgment 

j-u-j-m-e-n-t 

utmost 

u-t-m-o-s-t 

warehouse 

w-a-r-h-ow-s 

policy 

p-o-l-l-s-I 

payments 

p-a  m-e-n-t-s 

agency 

a-j-e-n-s-I 

certainly 

s-u-r-t-e-n-1-I 

window 

w-I-n-d-o 

amendment 

a-m-e-n-d-m-6-n-t 

depth 

d-e-p-th 

security 

s-e-k-u-r-i  t-I 

width 

w-I-d-th 

citizens 

s-i-t-I-z  e-n-z 

obtain 

o-h-t-a-n 

sufficient 

s-ii-f-i-sh-e-n-t 

secure 

s-e-k-u-r 

unkindness 

u-n-k-I-n-d-n-e-s 

months 

m-u-ri-th-s 

ignorance 

i-g-n-o-r-a-n-s 

notary 

n-d-t-a-r-i 

arrangement 

a-r-a-n-j-m-e-n-t 

PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  7 

Consonant  Alphabet. 

7.  It  has  been  said  that  the  characters  representing  these 
elementary  sounds  should  be  the  simplest  possible,  and, 
therefore,  the  straight  line  is  used  as  far  as  it  can  be  to  ad- 
vantage, as  follows : 

Phonograph.  Element.  Sound  represented. 

Initial,  Final. 

\     represents  sound  of  P  as  heard  in  pet  and  in  cap. 

\  "  "  B      "         "      bet       "      cab. 

"  "  T      "         "      team     "      met. 

|  "  "  D  "  "  deem  "  mad. 

/  "  "  Ch  "  "  chest  "  church. 

s  "  "  J       "         "      jest      "      page. 

"  "  K      "         "      cane     "      took. 

— -  "  "  G       "         "      gain     "      nag. 

8.  K  and  g   (not   pronounced   as   in    longhand,   but   as 
sounded  in  the  words  given  above  under  "  Sound  repre- 
sented ")  are  written  from  left  to  right,  and  the  other  pho- 
nographs given  above,  from   top  down.     The  characters 
should  be  made  the  same  length  as  those  in  this  book,  one- 
sixth  of    an    inch,   and    must    be  of  uniform   length.     Be 
specially  careful  to  make  k  and  g  just  as  long  as  the  other 
phonographs,  and  let  them  rest  on  the  line  of  writing.      T 
and  (fare  perpendicular  to  the  base  line.     Be  very  careful 
not  to  slant  them  to  the  right. 

9.  The  best  way  to  memorize  the  phonographs  is  to  make 
each  one  many  times,  pronouncing  the  sound  represented 
as  you  make  the  corresponding  mark.     It  will  be  easy  to 
remember  which  sounds  have  light  phonographs  and  which 
heavy,  if  you   observe  that  the  light  marks  represent  light 
or  whispered  sounds,  and  the  heavy  marks  represent  heavy 


8  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

or  pronounced  sounds.  Notice  that  the  position  of  the  vo* 
cal  organs  is  the  same  in  pronouncing  the  sound  repre- 
sented by\as  in  that  represented  by\,  the  only  difference 
being  that  the  latter  is  given  more  force.  There  is  the 
same  similarity  in  each  pair  of  the  consonants. 

Exercise  on  Consonants. 

\\    I// \    /_\l/_ 

_  I  _  \  /  \  /_/_•/  \ 

\  /  I  _  \  /    _  \  \  I  // 

L 


10.  The  exercise  above  should  first  be  read  aloud  by  the 
student  and  each  character  traced  with  a  dry  pen  or  other 
point,  as  its   name  is   pronounced,  after  which  it  should  be 
written  several  times  in  the  notebook.      Pursue  the  same 
course  with  each  of  the  shorthand  exercises  that  follow. 

11.  When   two  or  more  consonants  are  joined,  the  pen 
must  not  be  lifted  from  the  paper  until  the  end  of  the  com- 
bination is  reached.     Each  consonant  must  be  written  in 
the  same  direction  as  when  standing  alone. 

12.  The  consonant  outline  of  a  word  consists  of  the  phono- 
graphs which  represent  the  consonant  sounds  of  that  word, 
made  without  lifting  the  pen. 

13.  An   outline  composed  entirely  of  horizontal  strokes 
should  rest  on  the  line  of  writing. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  9 

14.  An  outline  composed  of  one  or  more  horizontals  fol- 
lowed by  one  down  stroke  should  rest  on  the  line. 

15.  When   an  outline  is  composed  of  two  down  strokes, 
the  first  should  rest  on  the  line  and  the  second  extend  be- 
low the  line. 

16.  When  two  straight  consonants  are  joined,  such  as 
p-p,  k-k,  d-d,  they  should  be  made  with  a  single  movement 
of  the  pen,  and  double  the  length  of  the  single  stroke. 

17.  Write  carefully  the  consonant  outlines  of  the  follow- 
ing words : 

Take,  bake,  peck,  choke,  dug,  beg,  tug,  jug,  check,  catch, 
pitch,  cheap,  badge,  dog,  dodge,  page,  chalk,  keep,  cape, 
judge,  duck,  batch,  depot,  peg,  pipe,  babe,  cake,  keg,  tube, 
age,  gauge,  bag,  baggage,  gape,  decay. 

1 8.  Having  thoroughly  mastered  the  eight  straight  pho- 
nographs, and   having  learned  how  to  combine  them  into 
consonant  outlines,  the  student  is  ready  to  learn,  in   the 
same  way,  the  following  phonographs: 

Phonograph.  Element.  Sound  represented. 

Initial.  Final. 

V_  represents  sound  of  F    as  heard  in  foam  and  in  life. 
^  "  V 

(  Th       " 

(  tii 

\  S 

) 

J  "  "          Sh 

;  zh 

19.  Each   phonograph   given   above  is  one-quarter  of  a 
circle,  and  should  therefore  curve  uniformly  from  beginning 
to  end. 


vine         " 

live. 

thigh 

both. 

thy 

bathe. 

seen        " 

case. 

zeal         " 

cause. 

shake     " 

rush. 

azure     " 

rouge. 

io  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

20.  The  general  direction  of  /and  v  is  the  same  as/.  The 
general  direction  of  th,  th,  s  and  z,  is  the  same  as  /.  The 
general  direction  of  sh  and  zh  is  the  same  as  ch. 


21.  By  locating  each  of  these  curved  characters  (as  well 
as  those  given  later)  on  one  of  the  above  circles  a  perfect 
picture  will  be  formed  in  the  mind's  eye,  and  there  will  be 
less  danger  of  making  any  two  of  them  so  that  they  can- 
not be  distinguished  one  from  the  other. 

22.  All  of  the  above  phonographs  are  always  made  from 
the  top   down,  except  sti,  which,  when  standing  alone,  is 
always    made   from   top   down,  but  when  joined  to  other 
strokes  is  made  in  the  most  convenient  direction. 

23.  Read  the   following  exercise  carefully,  tracing  each 
character  with   some    pointed   instrument.     Copy  same  in 
your  notebook. 

Exercise  on  Consonants. 

^^  ( C  ))^>  (  )   (  )  W 
XV.      C  \  ^  I  (  /J/J  )  ) 

k  (  )  J^(  ) J VA  (  ( 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  n 

24.  Write  the  consonant  outlines  of  the  words  given  in 
the  following  exercise : 

Faith,  five,  fife,  tooth,  death,  fetch,  vouch,  tithe,  ask, 
espy,  above,  shabby,  shadow,  shove,  dizzy,  veto,  shaky, 
defy,  path,  both,  bathe,  sheaf,  asp,  shape,  cash,  tissue, 
depth,  fussy,  posy. 

25.  The  student  will  now  complete  the  consonant  pho- 
nographs by  learning  the  following: 

Phonograph.  Element.  Sound  represented. 

Initial.  Final. 

(        represents  sound  of  L  as  heard  in  lay  and  in  fail. 

~^              "  "  R  "  "  ram     "  fair. 

"  R  "  "  ray       "  tarry. 

s-~~\             "  "  M  "  "  make  "  came. 

"  "  N  "  "  neck    "  seen. 

^^              "  "  Ng  "  "  ink       "  sing. 

~^\              "  "  W  "  "  way     "  midway. 

f~               "  "  Y  "  "  yes. 

"  "  H  "  "  hate. 

26.  The  second  character  given  in  this  list  is  called  down- 
ward r  and  the  third  is  called  upward  r.     Their  proper  use 
will    be    explained  later.      Upward  r  and  h  are  invariably 
written  from  bottom  up.     L  is  always  written  from  bottom 
up  when  alone,  but  when  joined  to  other  strokes  is  some- 
times written  up  and  sometimes  written  down.      The  hori- 
zontal characters,  k,g,  m,  ti,  and  ng,  are  written  from  left 
to  right. 

27.  The  general   direction  of  /  and  y  is  the  same  as  ch. 
The   general   direction   of  downward  r  and  w  is  the  same 
as  /. 


12  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

28.  Make  the  stroke  in  h  perfectly  straight,  and  the  short 
line  forming  the  hook  at  the  bottom  of  h  should  be  parallel 
with  the  stroke. 

29.  Upward  r  and  h  should  be  made  at  the  same  angle  as 
the  up  strokes  in  the  script  m  and  ch  at  the  same  angle  as 

the  down  strokes  in  the  same  letter.     Thus:  /fyty 

30.  When  standing  alone  upward  r  is  distinguished  from 
ch  by  the  slant.     f/^ upward  r,  /  ch. 

31.  When  joined  to  other   strokes,  upward  r  is  distin- 
guished from  ch  by  the  difference  in  direction,  upward  r 
being   made    from    bottom    up,  and   ch,  from    top  down. 


32.  Read  the  exercise  on  the  following  page,  tracing  each 
character  and  observing  the  following  facts:     When  two 
characters,   extending   in    the  same  direction,  are  joined, 
they  are  made  with  a  single  motion  of  the  pen.      See  lines 
i  and  2.     The  first  up  or  down  stroke  rests  on  the  line. 
See  line  3.     There  should  be  an  angle  between  such  com- 
binations as/-#,  !-m,  etc.      See  line  4.      When  two  conso- 
nants  do   not  form   a  distinct  angle,  they  are  so  blended 
that  the  point  of  joining  cannot  be  seen.  See  lines  5  and  6. 

33.  Copy  the  exercise  on  Joined  Consonants,  next  page, 
several  times.     Transcribe  the  same  exercise  ;  that  is,  write 
it  in  longhand.   From  the  transcription,  write  in  shorthand 
without  reference   to  the  book   until  the  whole  page  has 
been  written.     Compare  your  characters  with  those  in  the 
book,  making  the  necessary  corrections.     Practice  the  cor- 
rected outlines  many  times. 

When  the  student  has  mastered  all  the  explanations,  and 
followed  all  the  directions  previously  given,  he  may  write 
Exercise  No.  i,  page  104. 


JOINED  CONSONANTS, 


14  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

First  Position  Vowels. 

34.  The   ordinary  alphabet   is   defective    not  only  in  its 
representation  of  the  consonants,  as  we  have  seen,  but  also 
in  its  vowels.     The  a,  e,  i,  o,  u  scale,  is  not  sufficient  to  ex- 
press all  the  vowel  sounds  of  the  English  language,  and  is 
therefore  abandoned  and  one  more  complete  adopted  in 
its  stead. 

35.  The  vowels  and  diphthongs  are  divided  in  shorthand 
into  three  classes;  namely,  first  position,  second  position, 
and  third  position.     The  first  position  vowels  are  so  called 
because  they  are  represented  by  characters  placed  always 
at  th  ;  beginning  of  some  consonant.     They  are  as  follows : 


§  a  I  5  i  oi 

i     c    i     1     r     r 

eat  thaw         it  odd  die  toy 

36.  The  correct  sound  of  the  first  heavy  dot  is  heard  in 
me.     The  correct  sound  of  the  first  heavy  dash  is  heard  in 
awl.     The  correct  sound  of  the  first  light  dot  is  heard  in 
it.    The  correct  sound  of  the  first  light  dash  is  heard  in  on. 
The  correct  sound  of  the  first  angle  pointing  downward  is 
heard  in  my.     The  correct  sound  of  the  first  angle  pointing 
upward  is  heard   in  boy.     Thus,  the   six  first-place  vowels 
occur  in  regular  order  in  the  sentence,  "  He  saw  it  on  my 
boy." 

37.  Repeat  the  above  sentence  many  times,  pronouncing 
each   word   very   carefully.     Then  pronounce  the  vowels 
many  times  slowly  and  accurately. 

38.  Remember  that  the  first-place  vowels  must  be  placed 
at  the  beginning  of  all  strokes,  and  will,  therefore,  always 
be  placed  at  the  bottom  of//  and  upward  r,  and  at  the  bot- 
tom of  sh  and  /  when   they  are  made  from  bottom  up,  and 
at  the  left  of  k,  g,  m,  n  and  ng. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  15 

39.  Dash  vowels  are  written  at  right  angles  to  the  stroke 
but  should  not  touch  it.     When  good  angles  would  result, 
/and  ot  may  be  joined  to  the  beginning  of  a  stroke,  as  in 

^^  z^/>    sf~  oil. 

40.  It  must  be  constantly  kept  in  mind  that  these  vowels 
do  not   represent  longhand   letters,  but  sounds,  and  each 
vowel  always  the  same   sound;  thus,    the   first  heavy  dot 
stands  for  long  e,  as   heard   in  beat,  but  not  for  the  short 
vowel  sound  as  heard  in  bet.      ^  stands  for  long  /',  as  heard 
in  mile,  but  the  vowel  in  mill  is  the  first  light  dot. 

41.  The  order  of  reading  is  the  natural   order;  namely, 
all  uprights  from  left  to  right,  and  all  horizontals  from  top 
down.     Thus,  a  vowel  placed  at  the  left  of  /  is  to  be  read 
before  the  /,  and  a  vowel  at  the  right  of  /,  after  it.     There- 
fore,      represents  e-t  (eaf),  and        represents  t-e  (tea]  ;    • 

represents  e-k  (eke*)  and  - — -  represents  k-e  (key). 

42.  Outlines  of  all  words  containing  first  position  vowels 
are  written  in  the  first  position.     The  first  position  for  up- 
right outlines   is  half  a   stroke   above   the   line  of  writing, 
and  for  horizontal  outlines  a  stroke  above  the  line.     If  an 
outline    contains   more   than   one  upright   consonant,  the 
first  up  or  down  stroke  takes  position. 

43.  When   first-place  vowels  come  between  two  strokes 
they  are  placed  after  the  first  stroke. 

44.  All  the  consonants  of  a  word   are  written  first  and 
the  vowels  inserted  afterwards. 

Read  from  the  next  page  the  words  containing  first  posi- 
tion vowels.  Transcribe  same.  From  the  transcription, 
write  in  shorthand.  Compare  and  correct.  Re-write  the 
words  with  which  you  made  errors.  Re-write  the  entire 
page,  and  again  correct.  Continue  writing  from  the  long- 
hand and  comparing  with  the  engraved  page  until  you  can 
write  the  entire  page  without  an  error. 

Write  Exercise  No.  2.  page  104. 


i6 


/      *"'•' 
FIRST  POSITION  VOWELS. 


r  c  L 
...... 


/c 


/ 


v  x"  y v       I  V 


\    " 


L 


\  y 


')      >7 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  17 


Second   Position  Vowels. 

45.  There  are  four  second-place  vowels.  They  are  repre- 
sented by  dots  and  dashes  placed  at  the  middle  of  some 
consonant,  and  are  as  follows: 


\  '\ 

ate  oat  ebb  up 

46.  The  correct  sound  of  the  second  heavy  dot  is  heard 
in  may.     The  correct  sound  of  the  second  heavy  dash  is 
heard  \r\  go.     The  correct  sound  of  the  second  light  dot  is 
heard  in  ebb.     The  correct  sound  of  the  second  light  dash 
is  heard  in  up.     These  four  second-place  vowels  occur  in 
regular   order  in   the  following  sentence:     "  They  go  yet 
up." 

47.  Repeat  the  above  sentence  many  times,  pronouncing 
each  word   very  carefully.     Then    pronounce   the   vowels 
many  times,  slowly  and  carefully. 

48.  When  second-place  vowels  come  between  two  strokes, 
the  long  ones,  a  and  o  are  placed  after  the  first  stroke,  and 
the  short  ones  e  and  u  are  placed  before  the  second  stroke. 

49.  All  words  containing  second-place  vowels  are  written 
in  the    second   position    that  is,   resting  on   the   line    of 
writing.     Words  containing  vowels  of  different  positions 
should  be  put  in  the  position  of  the  accented  vowel.      See 
lines  10  and  1 1. 

The  method  of  practice  for  the  next  page  should  be  the 
same  as  that  given  for  the  first  position  vowels. 
Write  Exercise  No.  3,  page  105. 


SECOND  POSITION  VOWELS. 


X....1' 


LL 


£t 


\A 


L.k 


.-/• 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  19 

Third  Position  Vowels. 

50.  There  are  six  third-place  vowels.  They  are  repre- 
sented by  characters  placed  at  the  end  of  some  consonant, 
and  are  as  follows  : 


_  !  A  i 

do  a  do  ow 


_) 


A          - 

arm        ooze          tack          took         out  few 

51.  The  third-place  vowels  are  heard  in  regular  order  in  the 

following  sentence:   "Arthur,  move  that  book  round  you." 

52.  Repeat  the  above  sentence  many  times,  pronouncing 
each    word  very  carefully.     Then   pronounce    the    vowels 
many  times  slowly  and  accurately. 

53.  When  third-place  vowels  come  between  two  strokes, 
they  are   placed  before  the  second  so  as  to  keep  the  vowel 


out  of  the  angle.      V- — s-  balm,    not     V— ^,  because  this 
might  be  read  beam. 

54.  All  words  containing  third-place  vowels  are  written 
in  the  third  position  ;  nainelv,  through  the  line  for  uprights, 
and  under  the  line  for  horizontals. 

55.  Forty  sounds   (twenty-four    consonant    and    sixteen 
vowel)  have  now  been  brought  to  the  student's  attention, 
and  a  sign  given  to  represent  each.      These  sounds  should 
be  repeatedly  pronounced,  until  any  word  in  the  language 
can  be  separated  into  its  elementary  sounds.     Every  word 
as  it  falls  upon  the  ear  must  be  analyzed  before  it  can  be 
written  in  shorthand.     It  will  be  found  excellent  practice 
to  thus   analyze   any  words  seen   in   print  or  heard  in  con- 
versation.    The  exercise  on  analysis  of  words,  pages  2-6. 
should  now  be  reviewed. 

Practice  the  engraved  page  in  the  same  manner  as  di- 
rected for  first  and  second  oosition  vowels.  Write  Exercise 
No,  4,  page  105. 


20 


THIRD  POSITION  VOWELS, 


_  \         ,  .  »  . — >.         .     \ 


-t l^---\_v-^--t^l--\^ 

--^-<-->--7--?---v,----1- 

8  /__         / 

A  A  A/  A    |  yA  A/  A 

m...^...]^  ..H 

12 -, J.— ^.- .J-.....J 

h 

i3_  __.T^X.. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  21 

Use  of  Upward  and  Downward  R. 

56.  The  sound   represented  by  upward  r  is  the  same  as 
that  represented   by  the  downward  r,  and  it  is  not,  there- 
fore, the  sound  of  a  word  that  determines  which  one  shall 
be  used. 

57.  There  are  two  things  upon  which  the  use  of  ^lpward 
and  downward  r  depend;  namely,  the  angle  at  the  joining 
with  other  strokes,  and  the  vowel. 

58.  In  order  to  secure  good  angles  the  following  rules 
should  be  observed:  — 

I.  Use  downward  r  before  m:    ~^V — *       See  line  i,  page  " 

23- 

II.  Use  upward  r  before  t,  d,  ch,  j,  /,  v,  th,  tfi,  ;z,  or  ng  :   • 

A  A,  /1/\  A.  A  A/ 

See  line  2,  page  23. 

III.  Use    -upward  r   after   upward  r   or   m. 

See  line  3,  page  23. 

59.  In  reading  shorthand  in  which  the  vowels  are  not  in- 
serted   (explained    hereafter)    great    assistance    is    derived 
from  the  observation  of  the  following  rules:  — 

I.  When  a  word  bcginswith  the  sound  of  r,  use  upward  r. 
S\\  rope,  -<   '  write.     See  line  4.    • 

II.  When   a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  sound   followed 

by  r,  use  doivnward  r.     ~"^        ark,   ^\     herb.     See  line  5. 

III.  When  a  word  ends  with  the  sound  of  r,  use  down- 
ward r.     \^   par,  [~   tore.     See  line  7.. 

IV.  When  a  word  ends  with  a  vowel  sound  preceded  by 

r,  use  upward  r,    Vf     berry,  \S      tarry.     See  line  8. 

These  last  four  rules  are  to  be  applied  in  all  cases  where 
they  do  not  clash  with  the  three  given  above  them. 


22  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Use  of  Upward  and  Downward  L. 

60.  L  should  be  made  from  the  top  down  in  the  follow- 
ing cases:  — 

I.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  followed  by  /-/£,  1-g, 
l-m,  /-;/,  or  l-ng.     See  line  13. 

II.  When  a  word  ends  with  the  sound  of  /,  and  the  con- 
sonant preceding  it  is/,  z/,  or  upward  r.     See  line  14. 

r"~~~^"'  . —  ^ 

naif,     i      Nellie,  <      /      wrongly. 

6r.  When  /  is  the  only  stroke  in  the  outline,  and  in  all 
cases  not  mentioned  in  the  above  three  rules,  make  /  from 
bottom  up.  One  other  direction  with  regard  to /will  be 
given  in  Par.  73. 

Practice  the  following  page  in  the  manner  directed  fcr 
previous  engraved  pages,  after  which  write  Exercise  No.  5, 
page  1 07. 

Review  Exercises. 

1.  What  should  the  characters  of  an  alphabet  represent? 

2.  How  should  the  characters  be  assigned  to  the  sounds? 

3.  Are  these  things  true  of  the  longhand  alphabet  now  in 

use  ? 

4.  Give  some  examples  of  ridiculous  spelling  as  used  in 

longhand. 

5.  How  are  words  spelled  in  shorthand? 

6.  What  is  a  consonant  outline  ? 

7.  In  what  direction  is  sh  written  when  standing  alone? 

8.  In  what  direction  is  /written  when  standing  alone? 

9.  How  are  //  and  upward  r  written  ? 

10.  How  are  the  horizontal  characters  written? 

11.  What  caution  is  given  with  regard  to  li? 

12.  How    can  upward  r  be    distinguished    from   ch   when 

standing  alone  ? 

13.  How    can    upward  r    be    distinguished    from  ch  when 

joined  to  other  strokes  ? 

14.  Give  the  sounds  of  the  consonants  used  in  shorthand. 


UPWARD  AND  DOWNWARD  R  AND  L, 


b \    _v x 


24  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Circle   S  and  Z. 

62.  As  has  been   said,  frequently  recurring  sounds  must 
be  represented  in  shorthand  by  easily  formed  characters. 

63.  6"  and  z  are  sounds  that  occur  more  frequently  than 
any  other  pair.     They  must,  therefore,  be   represented  by 
the  easiest  possible  mark  —  a  small  circle. 

64.  This  circle  may  be  joined  at  the  beginning  or  end  of 
any  stroke.     When  used  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline  it 
always  represents  the  sound  of  s.      When  used  at  the  end 
of  an  outline  it  represents  the  sound  of  either  s  or  z. 

65.  When  the  circle  begins  an  outline  it  is  read  first. 
vp 

|  side.     See  lines  3  and  4. 

66.  When   the   circle   ends    an   outline   it   is   read   last. 

^  does.     See  line  2. 

67.  The  writer  should  constantly  bear  in  mind  that  it  is 
the  stroke  which   he  vocalizes,  and  place  the  vowel  on  the 
same  side  of  the  stroke  that  he  would  if  no  circle  were 
attached.     Thus:  — 

eat,      "\up,          '     oak ,        /-^aim,        f    ale,         '  »  oar, 

I  seat,    x\sup,    o_!_soak,      6"Lx\same,    fe     sale,        '  >  soar, 

68.  When  a  circle  is  attached  to  a  single  stroke,  either  at 
the  beginning  or  at  the  end,  it  is  written  as  follows:  — 

I.  On  the  right  side  of  down  straight  strokes. 
II.  On  the  left  side  of  up  straight  strokes. 

III.  On  the  upper  side  of  horizontal  straight  strokes. 

IV.  On  the  inside  of  curves. 

69.  When   the   circle   comes   between  two  strokes  it  is 
written  as  follows: —  [line 7. 

I.   Between  two  straight  strokes,  outside  the  angle.     See 
II.   Between    a    straight    stroke    and  a  curve,   inside  the 
curve.     See  line  8. 

III.   Between  two  curves,  generally  inside  the  first  curve. 

(Continued  en  page  26  ) 


WORDS  CONTAINING  CIRCLES, 


25 


_0 

L         \3             \.                                 9                9 

1                                       V)            -X-         .      ^A                 ^A. 

,    I   -r 

....A...L 

^.r  r  ^    ^ 

C                    «_» 

G  _/ 

\^JA                                                                     . 

•                                                                             V 

C j 


13...      ..XD. 


z6  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Circle  Sez. 

70.  The  circle  may  be  made  double  its  usual  size  to  rep- 
resent two   sounds  of   s  or  z,  as  follows:    ses,  sez,  zes,  zez. 
These   sounds  are   heard  in   the  following  words,  recess, 
cases,  possess,  roses.      See  line  II. 

71.  The  circle  s  may  be   added   to  the  sez  circle.      See 
line   13.  » 

72.  When   no  vowel   is  written  within   the  sez  circle,  the 
vowel  e  is  understood;  but  any  other  vowel   maybe  ex- 
pressed  by  inserting  the  desired  vowel  within  the  circle. 
See  line  (4. 

73.  When   /  comes    before   s-n   make   the  /  downward. 

^T^x  fawn.     (Refer  to  Par,  61.) 

After  practicing  the  engraved  page  in  the  usual  manner, 
write  Exercise  No.  6,  page  107. 


Review   Exercises. 

\j.   Ffow  are  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  divided  in  short- 

h  :\  n  d  ? 
\f>.   Why  are  first-place  vowels  so  called? 

17.  Give  the  sounds  of  the  first-place  vowels.      Give  the 

sentence  containing  them  in  regular  order. 

18.  At    which    end    of  a   consonant  are  first-place  vowels 

always  written  ? 

(9.   How   are   dash    vowels  written  with  reference  to  the 
strokf:  to  which  they  are  placed? 

20.  At  which   side  of  an   upright  stroke  must  a  vowel  be 

placer!  to  have  the  vowel   read  first? 

21.  At  which   side  of  a  horizontal  stroke  must  a  vowel  be 

placed  to  have  the  vowel  read  first? 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  27 

22.  In  what,  position  should  the  outline  of  a  word  contain- 

ing a  first-place  vowel  be  written  ? 

23.  What  is  the  first  position  for  outlines  containing  up- 

right strokes  * 

24.  What    is    the    first    position  for  outlines  composed   of 

horizontal  strokes  • 

25.  Give  the  sounds  of  the  second-place  vowels.     Give  the 

sentence  containing  them  in  regular  order. 

26.  In  what  position  should  the  outline  of  a  word  contain- 

ing a  second-place  vowel  be  written  ? 

27.  What  is  the  second  position  ? 

28.  What    determines    the    position    of    words    containing 

vowels  of  two  different  positions  • 

29.  Give  the  sounds  of  the  third-place  vowels.      Give  the 

sentence  containing  them  in  regular  order. 

30.  In  what  position  should  the  outline  'A  a  word  contain- 

ing a  third-place  vowel  be  written  ; 

31.  What   is   the  third  position  for  outlines  containing  up- 

right strokes  ; 

32.  What    is    the  third  position  for  outlines  composed  of 

horizontal  strokes- 

33.  How    many    elementary    sounds    are     represented     in 

shorthand  - 
34..    Give    all    the    consonant    sounds.     Give  a!!   the  vowel 

sounds. 
"5.    Upon    what    two    tilings   does  the   use   of  upward  and 

downward  r  depend  - 

56.   Give  the  rules  depending  upon  the  anyle. 
3~.  Give  the  rules  depending  upon  the  vowel. 
yl.  Give  the  rules  for  upward  and  downward  /. 
59.   What   pair  of  Consonants  occurs  more  frequent!}-  than 

any  other. 

40.  What  is  the  contraction  for  s  or  z? 

41.  When  tile  small   circle   >  used  at  the   beinning  of  an 


28  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Loops  st,  zd,  str. 

74.  The  consonants  ^  and  /  occur  frequently  without  a 
vowel  between  the  s  and  /,  and  in  such  cases  may  be  repre- 
sented by  a  small  loop  one-half  the  length  of  the  stroke  to 
which  it  is  attached.     The  loop  should  be  very  narrow. 

75.  The  st  loop  is  written  on  the  same  side  of  the  differ- 
ent strokes  as  the  circles  s  and  sez ;  namely,  right  side  of 
down  straight  strokes,  left  side  of  up  straight  strokes,  up- 
per  side   of    horizontal    straight   strokes,    and   inside   of 
curves. 

76.  An  outline  containing  a  loop  is  vocalized  and  read  in 
the  same  manner  as  one  containing  a  circle;  that  is,  the 
vowel  is  placed  and  read  with  reference  to  the  stroke,  and 
if  the  loop  begins  the  outline  it  is  read  before  every  thingf 
and  if  it  ends  the  outline  it  is  read  after  every  thing.      See 
line  5. 

77.  The  small   loop   may  also   be  used  to  represent  zd. 
See  line  8. 

78.  The  st  loop  may  also,  when  convenient,  be  written  in 
the   middle   of  an   outline.     See  line  9.     But  the  following 
stroke  must  not  cut.  through  the  one  to  which  the  loop  is 
attached. 

79.  A  large   loop   extending  about  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  attached,  placed  upon  the  same 
side  as  the  st  loop,  and   vocalized  and  read  like  it,  repre- 
sents the  sounds  str. 

50.  The  loop  str  is  used  only  at  the  end  of  outlines. 

51.  The  circle  s  may  follow  either  the  st  or  the  str  loop. 
See  line  1 1. 

82.  Be  careful  to  make  the  st  loop  very  thin  and  the  str 
loop  wider,  in  order  that  they  may  be  distinguished. 

Prepare  the  lesson  in  the  usual  manner  and  write  Exer- 
cise No.  7,  page  108. 


WORDS  CONTAINING  LOOPS, 


29 


I 


,  / 

./.  /  C_JL^ 

^      W       ! 

f 

3 

f~"^                  x^P 

xs": 

X 

4.__ 

^      x-      ^   ^ 

X  -U     i 

.~L 


'^ 


•^ 


^ 

..1. 


b-../ 


11. 


12 - 


fe 


30  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

When  to  Use  Circles  and  Loops. 

83.  Since   the   circles   and  loops   not  only  increase  the 
speed  in  writing  shorthand,  but  add  to  its  legibility,  we,  of 
course,  use  them  whenever  possible.     We  have,  therefore, 
only  to  learn  the  cases  where  we  cannot  use  them. 

84.  As  it  is  impossible  to  vocalize  circle  s,  whenever  a 
vowel  is  placed  to  s,  we   must  use  the  stroke;  hence  the 
following 

Rules  for  the  Use  of  Stroke  S. 

a.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  s,  use  the  stroke.  (Line  i.) 

'  b.  When  a  word  ends  with  a  vowel  immediately  preceded 
by  s,  use  the  stroke.  (Line  2.) 

''  c.  When  there  are  two  necessary  vowels  between  s  and  a 
preceding  or  following  consonant,  use  the  stroke.  See 
line  5. 

85.  The  rules  for  the  use  of  the  circle  representing  the 
sound  of  z  are  the   same  as  for  s,  except  that  when  a  word 
begins  with  the  sound  of  z  we  use  the  stroke.      See  line  6. 
There  are  two  reasons  for  using  the  stroke  z  at  the  begin- 
ning of  words;  first,  because  so  few  words  begin  with  the 
sound  of  z  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  use  the  more  con- 
tracted form,  and  second,  because  words  of  rare  occurrence 
are  not  easily  read  unless  very  fully  written. 

'/  86.  The  loop  for  st  cannot  be  used  when  the  word  ends 
with  a  vowel  preceded  by  st,  nor  when  there  is  a  vowel  be- 
tween the  s  and  /.  See  line  7. 

Do  not  neglect  to  practice  the  next  page  in  the  following 
manner,  i.  Read.  2.  Copy.  3.  Transcribe.  4.  Write  from 
transcript.  5.  Correct.  6.  Read  from  your  own  writing. 
Repeat  4,  5,  and  6  many  times  or  until  there  are  no  correc- 
tions to  be  made  and  until  you  can  both  write  and  read 
without  hesitation.  Write  Exercise  No.  8,  page  108. 


WHENTOUSECIRCLESAND  LOOPS, 


3» 


/ 

A., 


V 


i:     -o 


32  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

The  Initial  W  Hook. 

'^7.  A  small  hook  written  at  the  beginning  of  /,  upward  r, 
m,  and  n,  represents  «/,  and  it  is  written  on  the  inside  of 

the     three     curves,          6    wl,        cT~^  wm,          <^-  wn, 

and  on  the  left-hand  side  of  upward >,  c/x  wr. 

88.  The  initial   hook  w,  like  the  initial  circle  s,  is  read 
first  and  the  vowels  are  placed  and  read  with  reference  to 
the  stroke. 

89.  The  circle  s  maybe  written   within  the  w  hook,  as 
follows : 

6    swl,        e/'swr,         6T~\  swm,  ^_^  swa. 

90.  When  the  circle  is  written  within  the  hook,  the  circle 
should  be  commenced  in  the  same  direction  as  the  begin- 
ning of  the  stroke  to  which  the  hook  and  circle  are  at- 
tached. 

91.  The  sound  of  h  need    not   be    represented   when  it 

comes  before  the  w  hook.     Weal  and  wheel 'are  written -6 
and  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  context.     See  line  5. 

92.  The  student  will  observe  that  the  first  sound  in  wheel, 
when,  whim,  where,  and,  in  fact,  all  words  that  in  longhand 
commence  with  wh,  is  //. 

93.  W,  before  all  strokes,  except  /,  upward  r,  m,  and  n, 
is  written   with    a  semicircle  curving  either  to  the  left  or 
right. 

*L  94-  Use  the  semicircle  curving  to  the  left,  providing  it 
makes  a  good  angle  with  the  following  stroke  (see  line  6); 
if  not,  use  the  one  curving  to  the  right.  See  line  7.  Be- 
fore /',  g  or  ng,  the  semicircle  w  must  always  curve  to  the 
right,  thus :  3 w-k,  } w-g,  ^_^-  w-ng. 

>  95-  A  semicircle  curving  upward  or  downward  may  be 
used  to  represent  the  sound  of  y.  See  line  8.  Use  which- 
ever semicircle  makes  the  better  angle. 


WORDSCONTAININGWANDY. 


33 


.a. 


vf        ^/l       \ 


A -L  J. 


L 


14.. 


34  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

96.  The  circle  s  may  be  written   within  the  semicircles. 
See  line  9. 

,NT'97.   When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  followed  by  w  or 
y\  the  strokes  must  be  used.     See  line  ro. 

98.  When   the  stroke  is  more  conveniently  written,  or 
makes  a  more  suggestive  outline,  it  should  be  used  in  pref- 
erence to  the  semicircle.     See  line  11. 

99.  Make  the  semicircles  very  small  ;  not  more  than  one- 
quarter  the  length  of  a  stroke. 

100.  Make  the  initial  w  hook  small,  and  do  not  allow  the 
beginning  of  the  hook  to  curve  in  toward  the  stroke  or  it 
may  be  mistaken  for  the  circle  s. 

Practice  page  33  as  usual.  Write  Exercise  No.  9,  page  i  io» 

Heavy  M. 

101.  M  may  be  made  heavy  to  represent  the  sound  oirnp 
(see  line  i)  or  mb.     See  line  2. 

102.  The  heavy  in   represents   mp  much  more  frequently 
than  mb,  and,  therefore,    in    reading,  mp  should  always  be 
tried  first.     If  that  does  not  give  the  word,  try  mb. 

Tick  H. 

103.  A  short  tick  made  in  the  direction  of  ch  (always  down) 
and  one-quarter  as  long  as  ch,  represents  k.     See  line  5. 

fcjr  104.   It,   however,  can   only  be  used  to  advantage  before 
'the  following  strokes:    k,g,  m,  mp,  downward  r,  w,  I,    p,  b, 
s  and  r. 

105.  The  tick  //  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline  is  read  first. 

106.  The  tick  h  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of  an  outline 
if  it  makes  a  good  angle  with  both  the  preceding  and  fol- 
lowing stroke. 

107.  In    a    few    words  of  frequent  occurrence  h  may  be 
omitted.     See  line  1 1. 

Apply  directions  given  at  bottom  of  page  30  to  the  ex- 
ercise on  the  next  page.     Write  Exercise  No.  10,  page  no. 


HEAVY  M  AND  TICK  H. 


35 


./..i. 


*Y 


14. 


36  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Review  Exercises. 

42.  When  the  small  circle  is  used  at  the  end  of  an  outline. 

what  is  represented  by  it,  and  how  is  it  read  ? 

43.  Can  the  circle  be  vocalized  ? 

44.  On  which  side  of  a  single  straight  stroke  is  the  circle 

written?     On  which  side  of  a  curve? 

45.  How  is  the  circle  written  when  it  comes  between  two 

strokes  ? 

46.  What  sounds  are  represented  by  the  large  circle? 

47.  What  is  represented  by  a  small  loop? 

48.  When  the  st  loop  is  written  in  the  middle  of  an  out- 

line, how  must  the  following  stroke  be  made? 

49.  What  is  represented  by  a  large  loop  ? 

50.  When  must  the  stroke  be  used  for  s? 

51.  When  must  the  stroke  be  used  for  z? 

52.  To  what  strokes  is  the  initial  w  hook  attached  ? 

53.  What  may  be  written  within  the  w  hook  ? 

54.  When  a  circle  is  written  within  a  hook  how  should  the 

circle  be  commenced? 

55.  What  is  the  first  sound  in  such  words  as  when,  whim, 

and  where  ? 

56.  What  contraction  is  used  for  w  when  it  occurs  before 

strokes  other  than  /,  r,  m,  and  n  ? 

57.  What  contraction  represents  the  sound  of  yf 

58.  When  should  the  strokes  for  w  and_y  be  used? 

59.  What  is  represented  by  heavy  m? 

60.  Which  occurs  the  more  frequently? 

61.  Describe  the  tick  h. 

62.  Before  \vaat  strokes  is  the  tick  h  used? 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  37 


Word-Signs. 

108.  Some   words   occur    much    more    frequently  than 
others.     In  fact,  one-half  of  any  subject-matter  is  made  up 
of  less  than  two  hundred  words  frequently  repeated. 

109.  These   very   frequently   occurring  words   must   be 
represented   by  very  easily  formed   characters.     A  single 
motion  of  the  pen  must  be  made,  as  far  as  possible,  to  rep- 
resent a  complete  word. 

1 10.  When  a  part  only  of  an  outline  is  used  to  represent 
the  whole  word,  or  when  a  short  outline  is  confined  to  some 
other  position  than  that  of  the   vowel   in   the  word,  it  is 
called  a  word-sign. 

in.  The  word-signs  must  be  thoroughly  learned  and 
repeatedly  reviewed. 

112.  The  student  will  notice  in  the  following  list  of  word- 
signs,  and  in  all  lists  given  hereafter,  that  the  character 
used  represents  a  prominent  sound  in  the  word  and  is 
suggestive  of  the  whole  word.  They  are  not  arbitrary 
signs. 


\ 

1 

/ 

^^^^~ 

V 

( 

be, 

r 

it, 

do, 

which, 

come,     give-n, 
C                   v 

for, 

think, 

will, 

o 

are, 

..     O  

your 
\ 

,      he, 

\ 

that,  we,        I, 

how, 

you, 

is, 
his, 

as, 
has, 

of, 

to, 

on,  should,     the, 

a, 

an, 

and, 

113.  Be  careful  always  to  keep  the  word-signs  in  the  po- 
sitions in  which  they  are  here  given. 

114.  The  word-signs   on  and  should  are  made  from  bot- 
tom up. 


38  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

115.  Two  or  more  words  may  be  written  without  lifting 
the  pen,  providing  the  joinings  are  good  and  there  is  no 
natural  pause  between  them.  Words  thus  united  are  called 


Phrases. 
.  .  ojf-.thej..>.to...the1...viiOrjDU».  ..r*  yo 

:rC.if  .-  jPUw^Tjou.-  wjllJ.Qf  :i  L__./Cp.f  r  jour,.  .  L_.\.it-.wili-Jb.e  ,  .  _  _  . 


116.  In   phrasing,  a  short  tick   made  in  the  direction  of 
ch  or  upward  r  may  be  used  to  represent  the,  and  in  the 
direction  of  /  or  k  to  represent  a,  an,  or  and. 

117.  In  learning  the  word-signs  and  phrases,  a  good  plan 
is  to  write  the  words  and  phrases  in  a  column  at  the  left 
margin  of  a  sheet  of  practice  paper,  and  then  fill  out  each 
line  by  writing  the  words  over  and  over,  being  very  care- 
ful each  time  to  write  them  correctly,  and  to  think  of  the 
word  or  phrase  represented. 

118.  The  sentences  given  in  connection  with  each  list  of 
word-signs  should  first  be  read  over  two  or  three  times, 
after  which  they  should  be  copied   slowly  and  accurately. 
Next,  make  a  longhand  copy  of  the  page,  from  which  write 
in   shorthand   and   compare  with   the   book.       Read  your 
own  notes.    Write,  compare,  and  read  repeatedly  until  you 
make  no  mistakes  in  writing,  and  can  read  your  notes  as 
readily  as  a  printed  page. 

1  19.  Always  carry  in  your  pocket  a  list  of  words  to  study 
at  leisure  moments. 

The  period  is  represented  by  a  cross  on  the  line  and  the 
question  mark  by  the  same  character  above  the  line,  as 
shown  at  the  end  of  sentences  on  page  39. 

Write  Exercise  Xo.  n,  page  in. 


EXERCISE  ON  WORD-SIGNS. 

'°  A      r  ^ 


39 


\ 


JL 

1. 


c 


± 


.(..X., 


\  i 

\     ^7 


-X. 


\ 


.X. 


40  PRACTICAL   SHORTHAND. 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases. 
i  /  s  ix 

\ I /_ N I X.-. 

of,        to,      or,      but,       on,  should,     all,      two,      already,  owe,     ought,    who, 

oh,  Whom, 

_.V> V X. — X X. —  common,     -__- — —  __ 

liave,    them,  was,     wish,     shall,  advantage,  ?     come,  give,        together, 

L     \          7     „/     L       J      </     c 

_  b_^ V .\ /_ rv/_ .^ \ 

It-Is,  to-be-Mo-do.T  of-which,    you-ure,    do-you,      wish-to.        we-are,       we-will, 

120.  Where  the  same  mark  represents  two  word-signs, 
the  only  difference  being  in  position,  the  words  should  be 
fixed  in  the  mind  in  a  regular  order. 

Example  : — given,  together  ;  wish,  shall ;  common,  come 

121.  The  words  represented  by  the  dash  vowels  in  the 
different  positions  should  be  memorized  in  regular  order, 
thus : — 

Of,  to,  or,  but,  on,  should.     All,  two,  already,  cwe^  ought, 
who. 

122.  While  for  most  beginners  a  pencil  will  be  found  more 
convenient,  the  student  should,  early  in  his  practice,  accus- 
tom himself  to  the  use  of  a  pen.     It  is  recommended  that, 
from  this  point  on,  the  student  use  a  pen  in  at  least  a  part 
of  his  practice.     An  ordinary  steel  pen  may  be  used,   or, 
better,  a    good    gold    pen,    either    fountain    or  otherwise. 
WThen  pencils  are  used,  they  should  be  of  good  quality  and 
several,  well-sharpened,  should  always  be  at  hand.      In  se- 
lecting either  pen  or  pencil,  the  student  should  be  careful 
to  obtain  one  suited  to  his  particular  touch,  and  then  always 
use  the  same  kind. 

In  studying  this  list  of  word-signs,   follow  the  directions 
given  in  sections  117  and  118. 
Write  Exercise  No.  12,  page  in. 


EXERCISE  ON  WORD-SIGNS, 


i.x 


,.^...,..1..:._ 

)     v     I-       ( 

5 /. 1 A >. 


I 


9--.0- 


\ 


sJ: 


12.. 


13  . 


11. 


I 


(     < 


42  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases. 


we, 

were,          what,        w.ould,           ye, 

yet,         beyond,          you 

with, 

year-s, 

s—  ' 

^                ^-^                s^/ 

i 

any, 

"when,               thing,                long, 

him,                 usual-ly, 

__/v__              .__>>  

we-were,  what-would,   would-you,  is-the,  you-are,  are-you, 


baveryou,       for-the,     in-which,  be-willing,        as-well-as,  for-them, 

123.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  words  given  in  the  first 
half  of  the  first  line  in  this  group  of  word-signs,   begin 
with  w  and  they  are,  therefore,  very  properly  represented 
by  the  tv  semicircle.     It  will  also  be  seen  that  the  words  in 
the  last  half  of  the   same   line   contain  j/  as  a  prominent 
sound    and   are    represented    by  the  y   semicircle.     These 
semicircles  should  be  made  very  small;    if  made  too  large, 
they  will  clash  with  the  half-lengths  given  later. 

124.  After  this  list  of  word-signs   has  been   learned  the 
two  previous  lists  should  be  reviewed  and  each  word  prac- 
ticed many  hundred  times.     A  great  deal  of  trouble  will  be 
prevented   by  thoroughly  learning  the  word-signs  as  they 
are  given,  and  by  repeatedly  reviewing  them. 

Apply  the  directions  given  in  paragraphs  117  and  118  to 
this  lesson.     Write  Exercise  No.  13,  page  112. 

Straight  Double  Consonants. 

125.  We  have  in  our  English  language  many  sounds  of  / 
and  r  immediately  after,   and   closely  uniting  with,  other 
consonants.     These  combined  sounds  may  be  heard  at  the 
beginning  of  such   words  as  play,  pray,  black,    brick,  day, 
craw,  tree,  try,  etc. 

(Continued  on  page  44] 


EXERCISE   ON  WORD-SIGNS. 


43 


, k. 


L  _(. 


V  / 


\ 


k.. 


44  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

126.  The  eight  straight  consonants  p,  b,  t,  d,  ch,j,  k,gt 
are  changed  to  double  consonants  in  the  following  simple 
way  :  — 

\   r   r   r  f 

pi,         bl,       tl,      dl,       chl,     jl,  kl,  gl, 


pp.,        br,     tr,       dr,       chr,     jr,  kr,          gr, 

127.  The  stroke  and  the  hook  must  not  be  construed  as 
representing  each  a  separate  consonant,  but  each  sign  is 
an  indivisible  compound,   representing  the  double  conso- 
nants pi,  pr,  etc. 

128.  In  naming  the  characters  of  the  double  consonant 
series,  it  is  best  to  call  them   by  single  syllables.     Thus, 

I  is  tr,  as  heard  in  utter,  not  t-r  ;  \  pr,  as  heard  in  upper, 

not  p-r;  \  pi,  as  heard  in  apple,  not  pi.     This  remark  ap- 
plies to  all  the  characters  of  the  pi  -^nA  pr  series. 

129.  The  double  consonant  sounds  are   not  to  be  used 
when  a  distinct  accented  vowel  comes  between  two  letters, 
as  in  the  words  tear  and  tool,  but  should  be  employed  when 
the  I  or  r  follows  immediately  after  the  other  consonant,  as 
in  tree,  try,  play,  etc.,  and  also  when  the  vowel  sound  is  ob- 
scure and  unaccented,  as  in  lines  6  to   14. 

130.  The  double  consonants  are  vocalized  the  same  as 
the   single  consonants  ;  that  is,  any  vowel   placed  at  the 
left   of  uprights    or    above   horizontals   is   read  before  the 
double  consonant,  and  any  vowel  placed  at  the  right  of  up- 
rights or  below  horizontals  is  read  after  the  double  conso- 
nant. 

131.  When    the  /  and   r  hooks  appear  in  the  middle  of 
outlines  it  is  sometimes  impossible  to  form  them  perfectly, 
and,  in  such  cases,  they  may  be  made  by  retracing  the  pre- 
vious stroke.     See  lines  10  and  11. 

132.  Be  careful  not  to  make  the  hooks  too  large,  and  do 
not  make  them  look  like  circles.  Try  to  make  your  double 
consonants  just  like  those  in  the  exercises. 

Practice    the    exercise    on   the    next   page  in  the   usual 
manner. 

Write  Exercise  No.  14,  page  114. 


STRAIGHT  DOUBLE  CONSONANTS, 


45 


T 


i. 
1. 


V  V 


\ 


I  I 


-1. 


P-    I- 


46  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Curved   Double  Consonants. 

133.  It  is  not  possible  to  form  double  consonants  with 
all  the  curved  strokes,  because  all  the  hooks  attached  to 
curves  must  be  on  the  inside  of  the  curve.       Neither  is  it 
necessary,  because  some  consonants  are  never  immediately 
followed  by  /  or  r, 

134.  The  curved  double  consonants  are  as  follows: 

^_fl,     ^_vl,         (till,       C  till,         c^shl,       ^J  zhl, 
^  fr,      ^\  vr,       )  thr,      )  tfir,         J)  shr,  •  J)    zhr, 


x   rnr,          ^— ^   nr, 

135.  It  will   be  seen  in  the  above  list  of  double  conso- 
nants thatyf,  vl,  thl,  and  ////are  formed  just  as  the  straight 
double   consonants   are   formed;  namely,   by  placing  the 
hook  at  the  beginning  on  the   right-hand  side,    and  that 
these  characters  are   inverted  to  represent  fr,  vr,  thr,  and 
thr.      This  is,  in  reality,  precisely  what  is  done  with  the 
straight  consonants,  for  if  pi  were  made  of  wire  and  then 

c'X  r°\ 

turned  over,  it  would  give  pr  ;  thus,  pi  \  \  pr  ;  fl  \^  }  fr. 

136.  It  will  also  be  seen  that  shr  and  zhr  are  formed  by  a 
hook  on  the  left-hand  side  in  the  regular  way,  and  that  they 
are  inverted    endwise  instead    of  sidewise  to    produce  the 
double  consonants  ,r///and  zhl. 

1 37.  Shr  and  zhr  must  always  be  made  from  the  top  down. 

138.  Shi  and  zhl  are  always  made  from  bottom  up,  and 
must  never  stand  alone. 

139.  Mr  and  nr  must  be  shaded  to  distinguish  them  from 
IV-DI  and  w-n. 

140.  Do  not  allow  the  hooks  on  the  curved  strokes  to 
bend  in  toward  the  stroke  too  much,  because  in  such  case 
they  are  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  the  circle  s. 

141.  The  double  curved  consonants  are  read  and  vocal- 
ized the  same  as  the  double  straight  consonants,  and  their 
names  are  similar,  being fl,  as  heard  in  muffle  ;  fr,  as  heard 
in  offer,  etc. 

Pursue  the  usual  method  of  practice.      Write  Exercise 
No.  15,  page  114. 


CURVED  DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 


47 


\ 


v 


.u .. 


X' 


.A. 


13. 


48  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


The  Triple  Consonants. 

142.  When  s  comes  before  the  double  consonants,  a  series 
of  triple  consonants  is  formed,  as  heard  in  the  words  spray, 
stray,  splash,  etc. 

143.  When  s  comes  before  a  straight  double  consonant 
of  the  pr  series,  the  triple  consonant  is  expressed  by  put- 
ting the  circle  in  place  of  the  hook,  thus  :  — 

\     1      1  /     „_     _ 

spr,       sbr,        sir,        sdr,       schr,       sjr,        skr,          sgr, 
T  44.  A  vowel  placed  at  the  right  of  a  triple  consonant  is 

read  after  the  triple  consonant,     Example,      I    stray. 

145.  Any  vowel  placed  at  the  left  of  a  triple  consonant 
is  read  between  the  s  and  the  stroke,  in  accordance  with 

VQ 

the  rules  already  given  for  circle  s.     Example,        I     cider. 

146.  When  j-  comes  before  straight  double  consonants  of 
the  //series,  the  triple  consonant  is  expressed  by  placing 
the  circle  within  the  hook,  thus  :  — 

<\         P          P         /*       f         *-         *_ 
spl,      sbl,      stl,      sdl,     schl,       sjl,          ski,          sgl, 

147.  When  the  s  comes  before  any  curved  double  conso- 
nant it  is  written  inside  the  hook.     Always  start  a  circle 
within  a  hook  in  the  direction  in  which  the  stroke  to  which 
they  are  attached  commences. 

148.  When  triple  consonants  (whether  straight  or  curved) 
occur  after  other  strokes,  the  circle  must,  if  possible,  show 
within  the  hook.     See  line  7. 

149.  If  it  is   impossible  to  write   the   circle   within   the 
hook,  then  the  circle  must  lie  flattened  as  in  line  9. 

(  Continue*!  on  page  50.  ) 


TRIPLE  CONSONANTS, 


49 


,..£.  .:f 


1 


1.  .1 


* 


k. 


L   L  \, 

12 

13 f>     ^-^       ^ry 


$o  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

150.  When  skr,  sgr,  sfr,  or  svr  follow  T'or  D,  and  when 
spr  follows  y,  the  circle  should  be  placed  on  the  s  side  of 
the  first  stroke  and  the  r  side  of  the  second  stroke,  as 

follows:     I  b See  line  10,  page  49. 

151.  The  circle  sez  may  also  be  written  on  the  left  side  at 
the  beginning  of  straight  strokes  to  represent  sez  before  a 

double  consonant,  as  in    |  sister. 

After   studying  and  practicing  this  lesson  in  the  usual 
manner,  write  Exercise  No.  16,  page  115. 

The  N  Hook. 

152.  A   small    hook   may  be   written   at  the  end  of  any 
stroke  consonant  to  represent  the  sound  of  n. 

153.  This  hook  is  placed  on  the  left-hand  side  of  down 
straight  strokes,  the  right-hand  side  of  up  straight  strokes, 
the  under  side  of  horizontal  straight  strokes,  and  inside  of 
all  curves. 

154.  The   n  hook,  like  the  circle  s,  is  always  read  lact 
when  it  ends  an  outline.     A  vowel  may,  and  in  fact  almost 
always  does,  come  between  the  stroke  and  the  n. 

155.  The  n  hook  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of  an  outline, 
as  in  lines  12  and  13. 

156.  When  a  word  ends  with  a  vowel  preceded  by  «,  it  is 
necessary  to  use  the  stroke  for  n.     See  line  14. 

157.  The  n  hook,  like  all  the  appendages  (circles,  hooks, 
loops,  etc.),  is  not  only  valuable  because  it  increases  speed 
in  writing,  but  because  it  adds  to  the  legibility  of  the  notes. 
Thus,  a  hook  n  at  the  end  of  an  outline  indicates  that  the 
word  ends  with  the   sound  of  «,  and   a  stroke  n  at  the  end 
of  an  outline  usually  indicates  a  final  vowel.     Study  and 
practice  this  lesson  as   usual  alter  which,   write  Exercise 
No.  17,  page  1 1 6. 


WORDS  CONTAININGTHEN  HOOK. 


JL..L  ± 


L 


..V. 


X  .1 


L   ..:! 


.  P  .... 


/ 


52  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

The  F   or  V   Hook. 

158.  The/ or  v  hook  may  be  attached  at  the  end  ct  anf 
straight  stroke,  but  cannot  be  attached  to  curves. 

159.  The   hook   for  /or  v  is  written  on  the  same  side  as 
circle  s;  namely,  the  right  side  of  down  strokes,  left  side 
of  up  strokes,  upper  side  of  horizontal  strokes. 

160.  The  hook  f  or  v  is  read  just  like  circle  s  and  hook 
n  ;  that  is,  always  last  when  it  ends  an  outline. 

161.  When  a  word  ends  with  a  vowel  immediately  pre- 
ceded by/ or  v.  the  stroke  must  be  used  for/ or  v.   There- 
fore, hook /or  v  at  the  end  of  an  outline  indicates  that  the 
word  ends  with  the  sound  of/  or  v,  but  stroke/  or  v  at  the 
end  of  an  outline  indicates  that  the  word  ends  with  a  vowel. 
Example,  /*  roof ;  /\^  review. 

162.  The  hook/ or  v  may  be  frequently  used  in  the  mid- 
dle of  an  outline.     See  line  5. 

S   Added   to   the   Final   Hooks. 

163.  The  circle  s  may  be  written  within  the  /  or  v  hook, 
and  is  then  read  after  every  thing,  as  circle  s,  at  the  end  of 
an  outline,  is  always  read  last. 

164.  The  circles  s  and  sez  and  the  loops  st  and  sir  may  be 
written  in   place  of  the  n  hook  on  straight  strokes  to  add 
that  which  is  expressed  by  the  circle  or  loop  to  that  which 
is  expressed  by  the  hook  ;  thus:  — 

d  tns,  d  tnsez,       6  tnst,          0   tnstr, 

165.  Circle  s  may  be  written  within  an  n  hook  on  curves, 
but  when  sez,  st,  or  str  follows  n  after  curves,  the  stroke  n 

must  be  used.      Example,  ^-^_9  fences. 

166.  The  n  hook  followed  by  circle  s  may  sometimes  be 
used  in   the  middle  of  a  word,  but  the  circle  must  always 
show  distinctly  within  the  hook.     See  line  12. 

Write  Exercise  No.  18,  page  117. 


WORDS  CONTAINING  THE  F  OR  V  HOOK. 


S3 


- 


I7 

L      I 


\        I 


/ 


A  Vs  A 


Q 


r 


.._:'_ &<_._____.. 

6T   ..L. 


54  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Double   Consonant  Word-Signs. 


principal -ly  A.  member        number-ed        truth 

principle          Practl         remember-ed 

1  ..!_         _a.._. f f-- 

doctor  dear  du[;ng  tell  until 

care  call  difficult-y  Mr.  more 

remark -able 

L-  ^          ^-      — c— - 

"full-y  from  every  ^ 

1  1 jv 2 2.... 

three  there  ./  sur.e-ly         pleasure 

tluMF  OtllCr 

The  following  phrases  are  written  in  accordance  with 
paragraph  116.  The  same  will  be  found  in  print  at  the  be- 
ginning of  Exercise  19,  page  117. 

2,_.^j^A..4.4_..X.._/__±_.^...!l.i,..jc.. 

ill      \     T     "^      L                      ^ 
3 — v^...^...:^...^...!. i s=_ 

-D  Q-  /o  y^  _p 

4 _-^D Q^ ^O .£> .£> 

167.  Do  not  make  the  ticks  too  long;  they  should   not 
exceed  one-quarter  the  length  of  a  stroke  consonant. 

168.  Always  use  the  tick  which  forms  the  better  angle 
with  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  attached.    When  good  angles 
do  not  result  by  the    use  of  the    ticks,  the    dots    must  be 
used  for  a,  an,   and,    and  ///<?,    as  given   in   the  first  list  of 
word-signs.     Write  Exercise  No.  19,  page ,1.17. 


DOUBLE  CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS. 


.\. 


.ZX..V 
,..1..^.C_ i_^__^_t 

.._^jC_,....v---~— ---I'- 


55 


.K- 


:\ 


56  PRACTICAL   SHORTHAND. 

4 

Review  Exercises. 

63.  What  is  a  word-sign  ? 

64.  Are  the  word-signs  arbitrary  marks  ? 

65.  When  may  two  or  more  words  be  joined? 

66.  What  are  such  joined  words  called  ? 

67.  How  is  the  represented  in  phrasing? 

68.  How  is  a,  an,  or  and  represented  in  phrasing  ? 

69.  What  are  formed  when  the  sound  of  /  or  r  combines 

with  other  consonant  sounds  ? 

70.  Name  the  straight  double  consonants  of  the //series. 

71.  Name  the  straight  double  consonants  of  the/r  series. 

72.  How  are  the  double  consonants  vocalized  ? 

73.  Is  it  possible  to  form  double  consonants  with  all  the 

curved  strokes  ? 

74.  Name  the  curved  double  consonants  oi  they?  series. 

75.  Name  the  curved  double  consonants  of  the/r  series. 

76.  Why  are  mr  and  nr  made  heavy  ? 

77.  In  what  direction  should  shr  and  zhr  be  made? 

78.  In  what  direction  should  s^/and  zhl  be  made  ? 

79.  How  are  double  consonants  of  the  pr  series  changed 

to  triple  consonants  ? 

80.  How  are  double  consonants  of  the// series  changed  to 

triple  consonants  ? 

81.  How   are   the  curved  double  consonants  changed  to 

triple  consonants? 

82.  How  may  the  triple  consonants  be  vocalized  ? 

83.  When  triple  consonants  come  after  other  strokes  ho\v 

should  they  be  made  ? 

84.  ?Iow  are  skr,  sgr,  s/r,  and  svr  written  after  /  or  d ? 

85.  Upon  which   side  of  straight   strokes   is   the  n   hook 

written  ?     Upon  which  side  of  curves  ? 

86.  How  is  the  n  hook  read  when  it  ends  an  outline  ? 

87.  If  a  word  ends  with  a  vowel  sound  preceded  by  «,  how 

must  the  n  be  written  ? 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  57 

88.  How  does  the  n   hook  add  to  the   legibility  of  short- 

hand notes? 

89.  To  what  strokes  may  the /or  v  hook  be  attached  ? 

90.  On  which  side  is  the/  or  v  hook  written  ? 

91.  What  is  indicated  by  the  use  of  hook/ or  v  at  the  end 

of  an  outline?     What  by  the  use  of  stroke/ or  v? 

92.  How  is  circle  s  added  to  the/  or  v  hook  ? 

93.  How  are  the  circles  and  loops  added  to  the  n  hook  fol- 

lowing straight  strokes  ? 

94.  How  is  the  circle  s  added  to  the  n  hook  on  curves  ? 

95.  When  hook  and  circle  are  used  together  in  the  middle 

of  a  word,  how  must  they  be  written  ? 


The  Large  Wa  Hook. 

169.  The  sound  of  w  frequently  follows  /,  d,  k,  and^-,  and 
coalesces  with  them   in  a  manner  similar  to  /  and  r  in  the 
double  consonant  sounds  already  given. 

170.  These  combined  sounds  of  tw,  dw,  kw,  gw,  are  rep- 
resented by  a  large  initial  hook  on  the  circle  .y  side  of  the 
stroke,  thus:  — 


I  tw,  I    dw,         c kw,       c _gw, 

171.  These  sounds  are  heard  in  the  words  twig,  dwell, 
quill,  anguish,  etc.,  and  may  be  spoken  of  as  tin  a,  dwa, 
kwa,  a 


58  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


The  Large  Wa  Hook— Continued. 

172.  Students  sometimes  find  it  difficult  to  analyze  word? 
which  in  longhand  are  spelled  with  the  letters  qu  ;  as,  quick, 
queen,  etc.     It  will  be  observed,  upon  carefully  pronouncing 
such  words,  that  the  sounds  represented  by  these  letters  are 
really  kw. 

173.  These  signs  are  vocalized  the  same  as  the  double 
consonants  (see  paragraph    130);  that  is,   the  vowel  may 
come  either  before  or  after  the  combined  sound,  but  never 
between  the  stroke  and  the  hook. 

174-  The  circle  s  may  be  written  within  the  iv  hook,  and 
is  then  read  and  vocalized  the  same  as  the  triple  conso- 
nants. See  paragraph*  144  and  149.  See  line  6. 

175.  When  the  word  ends  with  the  sound  of  L  after  Kw 
it  should  be  made  from  top  downward.     See  beginning  of 
line  5. 

Ml,  Nl,  Rl,  and  Lr. 

176.  A  large  hook  at  the  beginning  of  m,  n  and  upward ' r, 
adds  /,  and  at  the  beginning  of  /.  adds  r;  thus  :  — 

(~^  ml,       Q_^/    nl,       c/      rl,         C      Ir, 

177.  These   are   double   consonants  and  are  read  and  vo- 
calized in  accordance  with  the  rules  for  double  consonants 
given  in  paragraph  130. 

178.  Care  must  be  exercised  in  writing  this  series  to  make 
the  hook  large,  in  order  that  it  may  be  distinguished  from 
the  small  initial  iv  hook,  explained  in  paragraph  87. 

179.  It  will    occasionally  be    convenient    and    also    safe, 
especially  in   long  outlines,  to  use  ;«/,  ;//,  rl,  and  Ir,  even 
when  there  is  a  vowel  between.     See  line  14. 

Write  Exercise  No.  20,  page  120. 


URGE  INITIAL  HOOKS, 


v 


60  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


The  Large   Final  Hooks. 

180.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  circle  s  side  (paragraph 
68)  of  any  stroke,  adds  the  sound  of  shun  or  zhun. 

181.  A  vowel  may  come  before  the  stroke  or  between 
the  stroke  and  the  hook,  the  same  as  the  other  final  hooks. 

182.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  opposite  side  of  straight 
strokes  adds  the  sound  of  ther,  ter,  or  der,  and  is  vocalized 
the  same  as  the  shim  hook  given  above. 

183.  Circle  s  may  be  added  to  either  of  these  hooks  by 
placing  the  circle  within  the  hook. 


The  S-shun  Curl. 

184.  When  the  sound  of  shun,  follows  circle  s  or  ns,  it  is 
represented  by  continuing  the  line  of  the  circle  through  to 
the  opposite  side  of  the  stroke.     See  lines  8  and  9. 

185.  This  is  called  the  s-sfiuncurl,  and  may  be  vocalized 
for  a  first  or  second-place  vowel  as  follows  :      A  first-place 
vowel  coming  between  s  and  shun  is  placed  before  and  near 
the  end  of  the  stroke  to  which  the  s-shun  curl  is  attached; 
and  a  second-place  vowel  coming  between  s  and  shun  is 
placed  after,  and  near  the  end  of  the  stroke  to  which  the 
s-shun  curl  is  attached. 

1 86.  Third-place  vowels  never  come  between  s  and  shun. 

187.  Circle  .$•  may  be  added  to  the  s-shun  curl  as  in  line  10. 

188.  When  sh  and  n  are  the  only  consonant  sounds  in  a 
word,  the  stroke  sh  and  the   hook  n  must  be  used,  as  in 


ocean.  Write  Exercise  No.  21,  page  120. 
To  become  a  proficient  shorthand  writer  it  is  not  only 
necessary  to  learn  the  principles  of  shorthand,  but  to  train 
the  hand  to  rapidly  and  accurately  execute  the  characters. 
The  student  should,  therefore,  be  watchful  and  not  allow 
himself  to  neglect  either  portion  of  the  work.  Each  lesson 
should  be  thoroughly  studied,  and  frequent  reviews  should 
be  made  of  all  previous  lessons.  This  will  prepare  the 
mind  to  act  quickly.  Single  words,  phrases,  and  some- 
times whole  sentences  should  be  selected  from  the  en- 
graved pages  am  written  hundreds  of  times.  This  will 
furnish  the  necessary  training  for  the  hand. 


LARGE  FINAL  HOOKS. 


61 


_^_2. 
i 


1 

V 


.fit 


62  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

The  Halving  Principle. 

/  189.  Any  stroke  consonant,  except  w,  7,  ngt  and  mp,  may 
be  made  half  its  usual  length  to  add  the  sound  of  /  or  d. 
The  sound  of  /  is  usually  added  to  light  characters,  and 
the  sound  of  d  to  heavy  characters.  (See  lines  i  and  2.) 
This  rule,  however,  is  only  general,  as  either  /  or  d  may  be 
added  to  either  the  light  or  the  heavy  strokes. 

190.  The  half-length  characters  are  vocalized  the  same 
as  a  character  containing  a  final  circle,  loop,  or  hook  ;  that 
is,  a  vowel  written  before  a  half-length  is  read  before  the 
stroke,  while  one  placed  after  is  read  between  the  stroke 
and  the  t  or  d.     See  line  6. 

191.  The  position  for  half-lengths  is  as  follows: — First 
position  above  the   line  ;  second,  on  the  line  ;  third,  just 
below  the  line.     See  lines  6,  7  and  8. 

192.  Inasmuch   as  w,  y,  ng,  and  mp  are  never  halved,  a 
distinction  may  be  made  between  /  added  to  r,  I,  m,  and  n 
and  Padded  to  the  same  stroke,  by  shading  the  stroke  in 
the  latter  case. 

"^    rt,  C  It,          ^    mt,  ^    nt, 

"^  rd,          C  Id,         x-s    md,         ^    nd, 
See  line  9. 

193.  When    standing  alone   //  should   be   made  upward, 
and  Id,  downward. 

194.  When  s  is  halved  it  may  be  written  upward  if  more 
convenient.     Sec  line  10. 

195.  Double    or   triple    consonants    may    be    made   half- 
length  and  are  then  readjust  like  the  full  lengths,  the  t  or 
(/expressed  by  halving  invariably  coming  last.       See  lines 
ii  to  14. 

Study,  transcribe,  write,  correct,  and  rewrite  as  directed 
for  previous  lessons. 

Write  Exercise  No.  22,  page  121. 


THE  HALVING  PRINCIPLE. 


ii  r 


7 


\ 


C. 


1  J 


64  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

The   Halving  Principle  —  Continued. 

196.  Strokes  to  which  the  final  hooks  have  been  added 
may  be  made  half-length  ;  in  which  case  the  /  or  d  is  read 
after  the  hook.     See  lines  i  to  5. 

197.  While  the  /  or  d  expressed  by  halving  is  read  after 
all  hooks,  it  is  read  before  all  rlnal  circles  and  loops.      See 
line  6. 

198.  If  the  hook  and  circle  are  used  together  at  the  end 
of  a  half-length  stroke,  the  t  or  d  expressed  by  halving  is 
read  between  the  hook  and  circle.     See  line  7. 

199.  The  syllable  ted  is  represented  by  half-length  /,  and 
the  syllable  dedby  half-length  d,  as  in  line  8. 

200.  The    half-length   /   or   d  should    be  disjoined  after 
strokes  with  which  it  forms  no  angle.     See  line  9. 

3^201.  Upward  r  and  h  should  be  made  half-length  only 
when  joined  to  some  other  stroke  or  when  some  hook  is 
attached  ;  because  simple  half-length  upward  r  might  be 
mistaken  for  cht,  and  half-length  h  for  chft.  See  line  u. 
?  202.  The  halving  principle  cannot  be  used  in  such  words 
as  are  given  in  the  i2th  line,  because  the  character  preced- 
ing the  final  /  or  d  does  not  form  an  angle  with  the  char- 
acter preceding  it,  and,  therefore,  it  would  be  impossible  to 
tell  the  exact  point  of  juncture. 

£f  203.  The  stroke  t  or  d  must  be  used  when  the  word  ends 
jX-with  a  vowel  preceded  by  /  or  d,  and  when    there  are  two 
J  vowels  between  /  or  d  and  the  preceding  stroke.    See  lines 
13  and  14. 

204.  Thus  the  proper  use  of  the  halving  principle  adds 
to  the  legibility  of  the  notes  in  the  same  manner  as  does 
the  proper  use  of  the  circles  and  loops.  Consult  para- 
graph 157. 

After  studying  and  practicing  this  lesson,  review  the 
Halving  Principle  as  a  whole.  Write  Exercise  No.  23, 
page i 2 i. 


THE  HALVING  PRINCIPLE. 


Lv        .C 


s 


D 


I. 

-V-L. 


v 


I 


\ 


1,  J; 


S 


/ 


66  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

The  Doubling   Principle. 

205.  The  doubl_mg  principle  applies  t&  cu_ryes  only. 

206.  Doubling  the   length  of   mp,  or  mb   adds  er.      See 
line  i. 

207.  Doubling  the   length  of    ng  adds  ker  or  ger.     See 
line  2. 

208.  Doubling  the  length  of  any  other  curve  adds  ther, 
ter,  or  der.     See  line  3. 

209.  The  point  of  commencing   a   double   length  for  a 
given  position  should  be  the  same  as  for  a  single  length; 
that  is,  the  first  half  of  the  double-length  determines  the 
position  of  the  word.     See  lines  4  and  5. 

210.  Vowels   placed  after  double-length  curves  must  be 
read  before  the  added  syllable.     When  a  word  ends  with  a 
vowel  sound  the  doubling  principle  cannot  be  used  imme- 
diately before   it.     Anger  should   be  written    x^.      ^x.  but 
angry   ^_J^~~ . 

211.  A  final  circle,  loop,  or  hook  may  be  attached  to  the 
double-lengths,  such  appendage  being  read  last;  as  v_     ^ 
northern. 

Special  Vocalization. 

212.  It  is  sometimes  desirable  to  intervocalize  the  double 
consonants  ;  that  is,  write  the  vowel   so  as  to  have  it  read 
between  the  sound  expressed  by  the   stem   and  the  sound 
of  /  or  r. 

213.  When  a  dash  vowel  or  a  diphthong  is  to  be  read  be- 
tween the   parts  of  a  double   consonant,  strike  the    vowel 
through  the  stroke,  or,  if  more  convenient,  place  the  first 
position  vowel  just  at  the   beginning,  or  the  third  position 
vowel  just  at  the  end  of  the  stroke.      See  lines  10  and  u. 

214.  To  express  dot  vowels  between  the  parts  of  a  double 
consonant,  write  a  small   circle  at  the  side  of  the  stroke 
and  in  the    position   of  the  desired  vowel.     It  is  generally 
best  to  write   the  circle   before  the   stroke  if  the  vowel  is 
long,  and   after   it  if  the  vowel   is  short.     See  lines  12  and 
13.     Write  Exercise  No.  24,  page  122. 


THEDOUBLING  PRINCIPLE. 


SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION, 


7  9 


13  _. 


68  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Word-Signs  and  Phrases. 

...V.  A-...Y-  _^_  -V.  -I..     ,X 

opiuion    upon    been    genjeral-ly  before  whatever     different 

difference 


......-        .. 

can      begin    begun  govern-  ed  influence  information    U.S. 
began  government 

.A..    -V_       A..        .Ax.   ......  ^ 

object-ed  objection    subject-ed        subjection          several 


.....  _...  ..-  ..          , 

knowledge  acknowledge  represent  representative  representation 


......  \ 

should-be  tbat-tbey     has-been      it-has-been  wbich-bas-been 

It  will  be  found  to  be  true  economy  to  always  use  the 
very  best  material  not  only  in  class-work  but  in  practice. 
Students  sometimes  fall  into  the  habit  of  using  poor  pen- 
cils. This  should  be  avoided.  The  stenographer  cannot 
produce  good  results  with  poor  tools  any  more  than  can 
the  carpenter  or  mechanic  of  any  kind.  It  is  necessary 
also,  in  order  to  work  under  the  best  conditions,  that 
paper  of  good  quality  and  properly  ruled  be  used.  Fools- 
cap is  not  good  for  shorthand  purposes  because  the  lines 
are  too  close  together.  Neither  should  the  inexperienced 
stenographer  write  on  unruled  paper,  or  paper  which  he 
may  rule  himself  by  hastily  drawing  lines  across  it.  This 
is  almost  sure  to  develop  a  large  sprawling  hand,  which  is 
very  undesirable. 

Write  Exercise  No.  25,  page  124. 


EXERCISEON  WORD-SIGNS, 


69 


N. 


V....V 


V_P 


./:.  ...x. 


-v 


-So. 


1 


...L. 


J8.^.___V^P_ 

I..L....L 


Z._^X\ 


JL 


^       ->        vo 


/ 


70  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Half-Length  Word-Signs. 


°\ 

\J                             ~\ 

\ 

^ 

particular-ly 

part 

r 

profit         spirit 
prophet 

.A.            y 

build 
billed 

board 

behind 

told 

toward    child  gentlei 

nen 

"TX  

gentleman 


quite          could    accord -ing-ly^ura^ecared   called      good 

.A.  ..(. ...(.. 

after       -  ^          afford        that  without    short 

future  assured 

.-1..          JL.     ,„?_...  _._^__.  .__^_._ 

astonish-ed     establish-ed  imme-  somewhat   nature      under 
astonishment  establishment  diate-ly  hundred 

In  writing  half-lengths,  word-signs  or  otherwise,  be  care 
ful  not  to  make  the  characters  too  large.  It  is  better  to 
make  such  characters  a  little  less  than  half  the  usual  length 
than  to  make  them  too  long.  The  student  will  find  that  as 
he  writes  more  rapidly  the  tendency  will  be  to  make  all  the 
characters  larger  than  he  did  at  the  beginning,  when  his 
writing  was  necessarily  very  slow.  This  tendency  should 
be  overcome,  as  a  very  large  hand  is  not  usually  capable  of 
so  great  speed  in  the  end  and  does  not  look  so  well  as  a 
small,  neat  hand.  Also  avoid  leaving  too  much  space  be- 
tween the  words.  There  should  not  be  more  than  one- 
quarter  of  an  inch  between  the  characters  and  they  may 
be  written  as  close  as  one-eighth  of  an  inch  with  excel- 
lent results.  Train  the  hand  not  only  to  move  quickly 
while  executing  the  characters,  but  to  move  rapidly  from 
one  character  to  another.  It  is  only  by  giving  attention  to 
all  the  little  things  that  real  proficiency  will  be  attained. 

Write  Exercise  No.  26,  page  125. 


HALF-LENGTH  WORD-SIGNS, 


9__C 


-V-v- 


72  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Prefixes. 

215.  Con-  or  com-  is  indicated  by  a  dot  placed  immediately 
before  the  beginning  of  an  outline.     See  line  i. 

216.  -Con-,  -com-,  or  -cog-,  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  is  ex- 
pressed by  disjoining  that  part  of  the  outline  which  follows 
con.  com,  or  cog  from  the  part  which  precedes  it.     Place  the 
disjoined  parts  close  to  each  other,  the  latter  a  little  below 
as  well  as  a  little  to  the  right  of  the  former.     See  line  2. 

217.  Contra-,   contri-,    contro-,  or  counter-   is   represented 
by  a  short  oblique  tick  disjoined,  as  in  line  3.     [See  line  4. 

218.  Circum-  or  self-  is  represented  by  disjoined  circle  s. 

219.  In-,  en-,  or  un-  is  expressed  by  a  backward  curl    be- 
fore any  evolute  circle,  as  in  line  5. 

220.  Magna-  or  magni-  is  expressed  by  writing  m  over 
the  beginning  of  the  rest  of  the  outline.     See  line  6. 

Affixes. 

221.  -Ing,  as  an  affix,  should  generally  be  expressed  by 
the    stroke  ng,  but,  when   an    inconvenient  outline  would 
result    from   the   use  of  the   stroke,    a  small   dot  may  be 
used.     See  line  7. 

222.  -Ings  is  expressed  by  a  disjoined  circle  s  placed  near 
the  end  of  an  outline.     See  line  7. 

223.  -Ing  the  is  expressed  by  disjoining  the  tick  the  and 
writing  it  in  place  of  the  dot  ing,  as  at  the  end  of  line  8. 

224.  -Ble  or  -bly  is  expressed  by  b.     See  line  8. 

225.  -Fill  or  -fore  is  expressed  byy*".     See  line  9. 

226.  -Ever  is  indicated  by  stroke  v.     See  line  10. 

227.  -Ship  is  represented  by  s/'i.     See  line  n. 

228.  -Self  is   represented    by  circle   j  and  -selves  by  sez. 
See  line  12. 

229.  -Ality,  -ility,  or  -arity  at  the  end  of  words  is   indi- 
cated by  disjoining  the  stroke  which  immediately  precedes 
-ality,  -ilitv,   or  -arity    from  the    rest  of  the  outline.     See 
line  13.       Write  Exercise  No.  27,  page  126. 


EXERCISE  ON  PREFIXES, 
L 


73 


r 


EXERCISEON  AFFIXES, 

/  ,^:_..r_.  ..i. 


.id .  .< 


,/ 


74 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Word-Signs. 

.„_>_,._.! \    ,_,._..$_ 

opportunity  dollar  i  I  ,         '  ,    ,    '        ,    /  deliver-ed 

had     much  large     larger          delivery 
<-  advertise-ment 

bill  >,      correct-ed  character         «,,ui;-> 

balance  public^ 

i  publish -ed     publication 

ever      however      never  nevertheless  notwithstanding  aware 

million        matter     important- ce  improve-ment  now       first 

..L  _/_          .  /     .j. 

impossible -ility      this        .Jo  ,,  \  ,  \    , 

fVinoo          thank     though    assure 
thousand 


All  the  word-signs  necessary  for  a  speed  of  140  or  150 
words  per  minute  on  average  matter  have  now  been  given, 
and  the  student  is  urged  to  make  a  careful  and  thorough 
review  of  the  same.  As  already  suggested,  it  is  a  good 
plan  to  always  have  a  complete  list  of  the  word-signs  at 
hand  to  study  and  practice  at  leisure  moments.  They  can- 
not be  learned  too  well.  Students  sometimes  get  the  idea 
that  the  frequently  occurring  words  are  not  very  impor- 
tant, and  that  they  can  be  distinguished  by  the  context 
even  if  written  incorrectly.  This  is  a  decided  error. 
Both  -speed  in  writing  and  accuracy  in  reading  depend  to  a 
great  extent  upon  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  word-signs. 

Write  Exercise  No.  28,  page  127. 


EXERCISE  ON  WORD-SIGNS. 


1 


•<-  M 


10 


-s- 


c  <j 

13 .1....A i 


L..1V 

J' 


-I- -Mr 


L../1. 


76  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Review  Exercises. 

96.  What  is  represented  by  a  large  initial  hook  on  the  s 

side  of  /,  <-/,  k,  and^.? 

97.  Analyze  quick  and  queen. 

98.  How  may  s  be  expressed   before  twa,  diva,  kwa  or 

^Wrt  ? 

99.  What  is  represented  by  a  large  hook  at  the  beginning 

of  m,  n,  and  upward  r  ?     At  the  beginning  of  I? 

100.  Why  should  the  hook  be  made  large  in  this  series? 

101.  Are  ml,  nl,  rl,  and  Ir  double  consonants? 

102.  Are    they  ever   used  when  there  is    an  intervening 

vowel  ? 

103.  Describe  the  shun  hook. 

104.  What  is   expressed  by  a  large   final  hook  on  the  op- 

posite side  from  shun  ? 

105.  To  what  characters  is  the  ther  hook  added  ? 

106.  How  is  circle  s  added  to  large  final  hooks  ? 

107.  How  is  shun  added  to  circles? 

108.  To  what  extent  may  the  s-shun  curl  be  vocalized  ? 

109.  What  is  expressed  by  the  halving  principle  ? 
no.  What  characters  are  never  halved? 

in.  How  are  the  half-lengths  vocalized  ? 

112.  Give   the   rule   for   the    position   of  the    half-length 

characters. 

113.  What   distinction  may  be   made   between  //   and   Id, 

rt  and  rd,  mt  and  md,  nt  and  nd? 

114.  In    what  order  are  consonants,  expressed  by  a   half- 

length  stroke  with  a  final  hook,  to  be  read  ? 

115.  In  what   order  are   consonants,  expressed  by  a  half- 

length  stroke  with  a  final  circle  or  loop,  to  be  read? 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  77 

116.  In  what  order  are    the    consonants,    expressed  by  a 

half-length   stroke  with  a  final  circle  on  the  n  side, 
to  be  read  ? 

117.  When  should  half-length  /  or  d  be  disjoined  ? 

118.  Under  what  conditions  may/z  and  upward  r  be  halved? 

119.  Should  a  character  be  made  half-length  after  another 

with  which  it  forms  no  angle? 

1 20.  When  must  the  stroke  /  or  d  be  used  ? 

121.  To  what  characters  does  the  doubling  principle  apply? 

122.  What   is  added  to  mp  by  doubling  ?     To  ng?    To  any 

other  curve  ? 

123.  Explain  the  position  of  double-lengths 

124.  How  are  the  double-lengths  vocalized? 

125.  When  final  circles,  loops,  or  hooks  are  attached  to  the 

double-lengths,  how  are  they  read? 

126.  What  is  the  prefix  for  con  or  com  ? 

127.  How  may  con,  com,  or  cog  be  expressed  in  the  middle 

of  a  word  ? 

128.  What  is  the  prefix  for  contra,  contri,  contra,  or  counter  ? 

For  circuni  or  self  ? 

129.  What  is  expressed  by  a  backward  curl  before  an  evo- 

lute  circle  ? 

130.  What  is  the  prefix  for  magna  or  magni? 

131.  What  is  the  affix  for  ing?      For  ings?      For  ble  or  bly  ? 

132.  What  is  the  affix  for  fill  or  fore?      For  ever?      For 

ship  ?     For  self?     For  selves  ? 

133.  How  is  ility   ality    or  arity  indicated  at  the  end  of 

words. 


_D 

JOh. 

_J_ 

IT 

_G_ 
_F_ 
jy_ 

_Th 
:Hi_ 

_S_ 

_z_ 

Sh 
LZh_ 


UE- 


J 
C 


\, 


r 


sez- 


L 
L 

I 
J. 


\0 


_  D 


(o 


A. 

0/1 


st- 


e 


J 


-st 


\ 


L 


-str 


V, 


6 


o^ 

p 


P 


W- 


\. 
\ 


J_ 
J_ 

C 


•1 


C 


JL 

j 


8-1 


B-T 


ss-r 


-f 


\, 


-fs 


L 


L 


JL 
L 

Jf_ 

C 


J 


C 


3L 


JN_ 


PY- 
V 


C 


II 

[Mn 


APPENDAGES. 


79 


N 


-ns  -nsez 


\ 


-nst 


•nstr 


\ 


-t 


-ts 


V 


-ft 


-fts 


-nt 


-nts 


l-thr 

shun  -tr 

-^dr 


-s     -ns 
shun  shun 


V 


V 


A 


uA 


\ 


A>_ 


V 


N 


V 


_iJ_ 
J  J 


_i 


_j_ 


y 


y 


,_L 


y 


,/ 


L 


o 


V 


G 


( 


A 


e) 


J 


aJ 


J 


j 


J 


r 


r 


r 


r 


-\ 


7 


^^e- 


-Ker 


C 


8o 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


The  Word-signs. 

PHONOGRAPHICALLY  ARRANGED. 


\ 

opportunity 

\ 

be 

< 

billed,  bufld 

\ 

up 

\ 

object-ed 

^ 

able-to 

\ 

hope,  happy 

V 

to-be 

\ 

\ 

\ 

o 

behind 

*\ 

appear 

\ 

subject-ed 

it 

("I 

rinciple 

x 

\ 

member 

--L- 

itself 

__<\ 

practice 

\ 

\ 

remember-ed 

1 

truth 

\ 

opinion 

Y 

number-ed 

r 

. 

i 

tell,  till 

5 

upon 

s. 

___(!_. 

until 

_  _  _ 

bill 

1 

\ 

happen 

•v- 

balance 

L 

whatever 

$ 

°s 

particular-ly 

\) 

been 

1 

part 

i 

toward 

^ 

V 

before 

r 

told 

<\ 

spirit 

\J 

objection 

i 

— 

dollar 

..^L. 

profit,  prophet 

\J 

subjection 

i 

do 

\ 

by 

A 

board 

.__!_. 

had 

Where  no  dotted 



ne  appears,  words  are  in 

second  pc 

>sition. 

PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.                        81 

H- 

advertise-ment 

:   

common 

-> 

begun,  began 

1 

doctor 
dear 



kingdom 
come 

—  3 

government 
good 

_ 

1 

-1- 

during 

° 

because 

^» 

for 

f 

deal 

deliver^ 

ent-ly 
differ-ence 
ed 

— 

care     . 

call,  equal-ly 
difficult-  y 

..Sr_. 

fill 
full-y 

from 

f 
I 

c_ 

..... 

each 

—> 

can 

^ 

phonogiapty 

/ 

which 
much 

child 

— 

quite 
could 
accord-ing-ly 

r 

feature 
after 
future 

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afford 

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danger 

accurate 
called 

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over 

82 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


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PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


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rathei 

84  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Formation  of  Outlines. 

230.  Since  many  of  the  consonant  sounds  are  repre- 
sented in  more  than  one  way,  it  follows  that  a  given  word 
may  be  written  with  several  different  outlines,  each  of 
which  will  express  the  consonant  sounds  of  the  word  ;  for 
instance,  the  consonant  sounds  in  store  are  s-t-r,  which 
combination  may  be  written  in  shorthand  in  at  least  eleven 
different  ways,  as  follows :  — 


231.  To  a  successful  stenographer,  however,  a  consonant 
outline  is  something  more  than  the  representation  of  the 
consonant  sounds  of  a  word.  \  It  is  the  representation  of 
the  consonant  sounds  of  a  word  in  stick  a  manner  as  to  in- 
dicate to  the  greatest  extent  possible  both  WHAT  and  WHERE 
the  vowel  is^k  It  is  right  here  that  many  fail.     They  can- 
not read  thefr  notes  because  there  is  no  clue  to  the  vowel 
element.     To  them,  any  one  of  the  eleven  outlines  given 
above  conveys  the  same   meaning  as  any  other,  when  to 
the  well-trained  stenographer  each  has  its  peculiar  mean- 
ing. 

232.  We  have  said  that  the  consonant  outline  of  a  word 
should  indicate  what  and  where  the  vowel  is.     a.   The  posi- 
tion of  the  outline  indicates  WHAT  the  vowel  is.     b.    The  man- 
ner of  writing  the  consonants  indicates  WHERE  the  vowel  is. 
Thus  the  vowel  element,    though   invisible,  is  a  very  im- 
portant   factor    in   reading  shorthand,  and  the    extent   to 
which  the  student  takes  advantage  of  this,  will  determine, 
to  a  great  extent,  the  legibility  of  his  notes. 

233.  It  is  already  understood  that  writing  an  outline  in 
the  first  position  indicates  that  the  vowel  (or  if  more  than 
one,  the  accented  vowel)  in  that  word  is  one  of  the  six  first- 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  85 

place  vowels ;  namely,  e,  a,  I,  5,  I,  oi.  In  the  same  man- 
ner, writing  an  outline  in  the  second  position  indicates 
that  the  vowel  is  either  a,  o,  e,  or  u,  and  in  the  third  posi- 
tion that  the  vowel  is  either  a,  oo,  a,  dt>,  ow  or  u. 

234.  The  criticism  may  be  made  that  position  only  tells 
that  the  vowel  is  one  of  several.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  it 
tells  so  definitely,  that  the  practiced  writer  only  finds  it 
necessary  to  insert  an  average  of  one  vowel  in  about  one 
hundred  words.     First,  because  most  outlines,  when  in   a 
certain  position,  represent  but  one  word.     Second,  when  a 
given   outline   in  a  certain   position  represents  more  than 

one  word,  as for  tick  or  talk,  the  context  in  a  sentence 

will  almost  always  lead  to  the  proper  word.  In  the  com- 
paratively few  cases  where  this  would  not  be  sufficient,  the 
vowel  should  be  written. 

235.  It  is  also  true,  that,  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  would 
at  first  appear,  the  manner  of  writing  the  consonants  may 
be  made  to  indicate  wJierc  the  vowel  is.      A  very  simple  il- 
lustration of  this  is  found  in   the  words  ..A  oar,  and  x/1. 
row.     The   full   significance   of  the   rules   for  upward   and 
downward  r,  and  /  (paragraphs  59  and  60)  will  now  be  ap- 
preciated.    These  rules,  as  well  as  those  for  the  use  of  cir- 
cles s  and  sez  ;  loops  st  and  sir  ;  semicircles  wandj//  hooks 
/,  r,  n, /or  v,  w,  shun,  and  ther  ;  the  halving  principle;  and 
the  doubling  principle,  should  now  be  thoroughly  reviewed. 

236.  It  will  be  found  excellent  practice  to  select  words 
from  any  of    the  engraved  pages,   and  mentally  give  the 
reason  for  each  consonant  being  written  as  it  is.     To  illus- 
trate, we  will  take  some  of  the  outlines  given  at  the  end  of 
paragraph  230,  and  placing  each  to  a  proper  word,  give  the 
reasons  for  thus  writing  it. 

G^ 

237.  —_ 1  store :  st  loop  to   indicate  that  there  is  no  vowel 
before  the  s  nor  between  the  s  and  the  t  ;  downward  r  to  in- 
dicate  that  r  ends  the  word. 


86  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


238.  £?.—  story  :  s/  loop  to  indicate  that  there  is  no  vowel 
before   s   nor  between  the  s  and  //  upward  r  to  indicate 
that  there  is  a  final  vowel. 

239.  _1  stray :  circle  s  to   indicate  that  there  is  no  vowel 
before  the  s  ;  double  consonant  tr  to  indicate  that  there  is 
no  vowel  between  the  t  and  the  r. 

240.  A.  astray :  stroke  s  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel 

before  s  ;  double  consonant  tr  to  indicate  that  there  is  no 
vowel  between  the  /  and  the  r. 

austere :  stroke  s  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel 

before  the  s;  t  expressed  by  the  halving  principle  to  indicate 
that  there  is  but  one  vowel  between  the  /  and  the  r  ;  dou>n- 
ivard  r  to  indicate  that  there  is  no  vowel  after  the  r. 

y 

242.  history :  h  may  be  omitted  in  words  of  frequent 

occurrence;  stroke  s  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel  be- 
fore the  s  ;  t  expressed  by  the  halving  principle  to  indicate 
that  there  is  but  one  vowel  between  the  /  and  the  r;  up- 
ward r  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel  after  the  r. 

243.  I...  estuary :  stroke  s  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel 

before  s  ,•  stroke  /  to  indicate  that  there  are  two  vowels  be- 
tween the  /  and  the  r  ;  upward  r  to  indicate  that  there  is  a 
vowel  after  the  r. 

P 

244.  -[•  --  satire :  circle  s  to  indicate  that  there  is  no  vowel 

before  the  s ;  stroke  /  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel  be- 
tween the  j  and  //  stroke  r  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel 
between  the  /  and  the  r  ;  r  made  downward  \.Q  indicate  that 
r  ends  the  word. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  87 

P    9 

245.  Ux-  satirize :    circle  s  to  indicate  that   there    is    no 

vowel  before  the  s;  stroke  /  to  indicate  that  there  is  a 
vowel  between  the  s  and  the  //  stroke  r  in  indicate  that 
there  is  a  vowel  between  the  /  and  the  r  ;  r  made  upward 
to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel  after  the  r;  circle  s  to  in- 
dicate that  there  is  no  vowel  after  the  .y. 

246.  ./  oyster  ;  stroke  s  to  indicate  that  there   is  a  vowel 
before  the  s  ;  ter  expressed  by  the  doubling  principle  to  in- 
dicate that  there  is  no  vowel  after  ter. 

247.  If  this  idea  were   fully  and  universally  carried  out, 
we  should  hear  much   less  of  the  stenographer  who  "can- 
not read  his  notes."      In  reality,  no  such  person  exists,  for 
the  person  who  cannot  read  his  notes  is  not  a  stenographer. 

248.  One  of  the  beauties  of  the  present  system  of  short- 
hand is  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  learn  and  arbitrarily  re- 
member the  outline  for  each  word.     On  the  other  hand,  it 
should  be  the  aim  of  the  beginner  to  so  thoroughly  master 
the  principles  that  the  correct  outline  for  a  word  can  be 
quickly  formed  by  the  application  of  these  principles,  even 
though    the    word    may  never   have    been    seen    or   heard 
before. 

249.  Illustrations  of  the  proper  application  of  principles 
are,  however,  an   aid  to  the   student.     These  have  already 
been  given  in   abundance;  but  we   present  upon  the  three 
following  engraved  pages  the  outlines  for  many  frequently 
occurring  words,  the  same  appearing  also  in  ordinary  type 
on   the   alternate  printed  pages.     These  pages   should    be 
studied  in  the  following  manner: 

1.  Read  from  the  engraved  page,  referring  to  the  printed 
page  only  when  necessary. 

2.  Copy  the  engraved  page,  recalling  the  word  expressed 
by  each  outline. 

3.  Give    the    reason    for  the  use  of  each  stroke,  circle, 
hook,  etc.,  in  each  word. 

4.  Write  from  the  printed  page  and  compare  your  notes 
with  the  engraved  page,  making  necessary  corrections. 

5.  Write  each  outline  many  times  for  the  purpose  of   de- 
veloping the  ability  to  execute  rapidly.     For  this  purpose, 
one  outline   can  be  written    hundreds   of  times,  making   it 
each  time  accurately,  but  gradually  increasing  in  speed. 


88 


OUTLINES. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  89 


Key  to  Outlines  on  page  88. 

1.  Ability,  absolute,  acceptance,  accessible,  accountant, 
acquaintance,  advocate,  affairs,  affidavit,  agent,  agreement. 

2.  Alike,  allowance,  ambition,  annual,  answer,  anticipate, 
apologize,  apparatus,  apparently,  around,  arrange. 

3.  Arrival,  ascertain,  assign,  assistance,  assume,  attach, 
attention,  attractive,  augments,  authority,  authorize,  auto- 
matic. 

4.  Await,  barrel,  bearer,  benefit,  between,  broker,  cancel 
or  counsel,  canvass,  capacity,  carrying. 

5.  Catalogue,  census,  certify,  cheaper,  chenille,  civilized, 
classical,  classification,  closely,  commence. 

6.  Community,     compare,     compensation,    competition, 
complaint,    computation,    concession,    conservative,   con- 
signment, construction,  contrary. 

7.  Conversant,  conversation,  country,  county,  coupons, 
criminal,  current,  cushion,  custom,  customary. 

8.  Customer,  debtors,  decide,  decline,  defective,  defense, 
^demand,  depositor,  derived,  derricks,  description. 

9.  Destination,    dimension,    discretion,    discussion,    dis- 
SsyjDatch,  dissolution,  dividends,  division,  duly,  earliest. ^-- 

10.  Economy,    editor,   election,    element,   eminence,    en- 
closed, endeavor,   energy,  enforce. 

11.  Engraved,  equip,  erection,  error,  escape,  esteem,  es- 
teemed, evening,  exact,  excellent. 

12.  Excelsior,  exception,  excessive,  exchange,  exertions, 
explain,  extent  or  extend,  fault,  federal,  file. 

13.  Filter,  fixed,  flavor,  fortunate,  foundry,  friction,  gen- 
erous, grocery,  habits,  hardly,  heavy. 

14.  Honest,  honesty,  illumination,  imitation,  imperative, 
implicit,  inclined,  increase,  indispensable,  individual. 


90 


OUTLINES. 


-V 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  91 


Key  to  Outlines  on  page  90. 

1.  Industry,    injustice,    institution,    integrity,    intention, 
intimation,  invent,  invoice,  jealousy,  laborer. 

2.  Legislation,  legislator,  likewise,    limit,  locality,  mack- 
erel, maintain,  manual. 

3.  Margin,  maximum,  method,  minimum,  miscellaneous, 
moment,  month. 

4.  Mystery,   namely,    nothing,    notice,  notify,  obedience, 
objectionable,  obligations,  observation,  occupation,  officer. 

5.  Ordinary,  ostensible,  patent,  payable,  penalty,  period, 
permission,  perusal,  photograph,  plaintiff,  porter. 

6.  Portion,   positive,  precaution,  precedent  or  president, 
profession,    propose,     prospect,    purpose,    pursue,    quota- 
tions, receipt. 

7.  Recent,  reciprocate,  rectify,  reduction,  refuse,  regard, 
regret,  rejoice,  remain,  reminder. 

8.  Remit,  remittance,  repair,  reside,   resident,  resort,  re- 
source, response,  restrain,  retail,  retain. 

9.  Retard,    retired,    return,    revised,    risen,    roof,    safely, 
salary,  sample,  scientific,  settlement. 

10.  Situation,     specify,    specimen,    splendid,    statement, 
station,  supply,  survey,  tendency,  thorough,  traffic. 

11.  Treatment,  treaty,  trunk,   unavoidable,  undoubtedly, 
various,  veneration,  vicinity,  violation,  welfare. 

12.  Yesterday,  Sunday,   Monday,   Tuesday,   Wednesday, 
Thursday,  Friday,  Saturday,  January,  February. 

13.  March,  April,    May,  June,  July,  August,    September, 
October,  November,  December. 

14.  One,  two,  three,    six,    ten.    first,  second,  third,  sixth, 
tenth,  hundred,  thousand,  million. 


92  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Contracted  Outlines. 

250.  Consonant  sounds  that  are  obscure,  as  k  in  anxious, 
need  not  be  represented.     Words  containing  several  conso- 
nant sounds  will  generally  be   suggestive  even  if  a  some- 
what prominent  sound  is  omitted.   See  lines  i  to  3,  page  93. 

251.  Words  having  but  one  consonant  sound,  but  having 
two  or  more  vowel  sounds,  should  generally  have  one  of 
{he  vowels  written.     See  line  4,  page  93. 

252.  A  word-sign  may  be  used  as  part  of  a  longer  word, 
joining  to  the  word-sign  whatever  is  necessary  to  complete 
the  word.     In  such  case,  the  word-sign  must  retain  its  po- 
sition.    If  two  word-signs  are  thus  united,  the  first  is  gen- 
erally put  in  position.     See  lines  5  to  7,  page  93. 

253.  While  many  outlines  —  especially  long  ones — will 
be  sufficiently  suggestive  without  the  aid  of  position,  there 
are  some  words  that  are  distinguished  only  by  position.    See 
line  8,  page  93. 

254.  Such  positive  and  negative  words  as  are  given  in 
the  gth  and  loth  lines  should  be  carefully  distinguished. 

255.  Words  containing  the  same  consonant  sounds  but 
of  different  or  opposite  meanings  should  be  distinguished 
by  a  systematic  difference  in  the  outline,  if  possible.     See 
line  ii,  page  93.     If  this   is  not  possible,  a  vowel  may  be 
inserted  (line  12)  or  an  arbitrary  difference  of  outline  may 
be  made.     See  line  13,  page  93. 

256.  It  is  sometimes  desirable  in  writing  derivatives  to 
keep  the  outline  for  the  primitive  in  the  position  it  would 
occupy  if  alone,  and  to   it  add  whatever  is   necessary  to 

complete  the  word.     need,  „&_  needless;  ^*_end,  .^  endless. 

6 

257.  T\vo  or  more   prominent   consonants   in  a  word  of 
frequent  occurrence  may  sometimes  be  used  as  a  contrac- 
tion for  that  word.     See  line  14,  page  93. 


CONTRACTED  OUTLINES. 


93 


j^m...^....!^. 


X 


. 


94  PRACTICAL   SHORTHAND. 


Key  to  Contracted  Outlines  on  page  93. 

1.  Anxious,   sanction,   distinction,  function,  suggestion, 
frequent,  eloquent,  tempt. 

2.  Postpone,    postoffice,     postage,    testimony,    mistake, 
transaction,  transpose,  transact. 

3.  Within,  withdraw,    withhold,  hesitation,    assignment, 
trustworthy,  intelligent,  intelligence. 

4.  Idea,  obey,  Iowa,  arrow,  Ohio,  oil,  era,  payee,  iota. 

5.  Undertake,  understand,  almost,  almighty,  to-morrow, 
to-day,  forward,  afterward. 

6.  Altogether,  therefore,  thereby,    somehow,    anything, 
become,  everything,  something. 

7.  Although,  onward,   underneath,  anywhere,  anybody, 
natural,  misunderstood,  overcome. 

8.  Imminent,  eminent,  prominent,  permanent,  except,  ac- 
cept, position,  possession. 

9.  Necessary,     unnecessary,     navigable,      unnavigable, 
modest,  immodest,  necessarily,  unnecessarily. 

10.  Moral,  immoral,  material,  immaterial,  moderate,  im- 
moderate, mature,  immature. 

11.  Legal,  illegal,  logical,  illogical,  resistible,  irresistible, 
resolute,  irresolute. 

12.  Meet,  omit,    motion,   emotion,    migrate,    immigrate, 
keep  or  copy,  occupy. 

13.  God,   guide,   protection,    production,   writer,   reader, 
support,  separate. 

14.  Regular-ity,      irregular-ity,       peculiar-ity,      capable, 
familiar,  New  York,  develop,  perform. 


Phrasing. 

258.  Phrasing  is  the  act  of  writing  two  or  more  words 
with  a  single  outline. 

259.  While  there  is  a  diversity  of  opinion  among  sten- 
ographers regarding  the  extent  to  which  phrasing  should 
be  employed,  there  is  no  doubt  that,  within  certain  limits, 
it  is  very  desirable.     It  is  desirable   because  it  facilitates 
writing  without  retarding  the  reading;  indeed,  notes  prop- 
erly phrased  are  more  legible  than  when  each  word  is  writ- 
ten separately. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  95 

\— 

260.  In   forming  phrases  the  following  rules  should  be 
observed :  — 

l—fT  Phrase  only  such  words  as  have  a  grammatical  con- 
nection. 

La.  Phrase  only  when  the  outlines  can  be  easily  united  in 
writing. 

3.    Do  not  form  phrases  of  inconvenient  length,  or  that 
extend  too  far  above  or  below  the  line  of  writing. 

261.  There  are   two   distinct  methods  of  phrasing.     The 
first    and    simpler  is  to   unite  the   regular  outlines  of  the 

words  composing  the  phrase;  as  r/\'  ~  yoit-tuill-be-likely. 
The  second  method  is  to  consider  the  phrase  as  a  single 
word  and  by  the  use  of  the  various  principles  express  its 

consonant   sounds  in  the  easiest  way  ;  as  _  in-re- 

gard. 

262.  When  the  regular  outlines  are  joined,  the  first  word 
of  a  phrase    is    usually  put   in   position  and  the  following 
words  must  accommodate  themselves  to  the  position  of  the 
first.     See   lines    1-6,  page   96.      It   is,  however,  that  word 
which,  out  of  position,  would   be   illegible,  which  must   be 
given  its  position.      See  line  7,  page  96. 

263.  When   must  is  other  than  the  last  word  of  a  phrase 
it  may  be  written  with   m   and  circle  s  instead  of  m  and  st 
loop.     See  line  8,  page  96. 

264.  The  ticks  the,  a,  an,  and  and  are  not  considered  as 
having  positions   of  their  own,  but,  always  accommodate 
themselves  to  the  position  of  the  word  or  words  with  which 
they  arejoined.     See  line  9,  page  96. 

265.  When  a  word   which  ends  with  a  circle  is  followed 
by  one  which  begins  with  a  circle,  the  two  circles   may  be 
united  into  one  large  circle.     See  line  10,  page  96. 

266.  Phrases  of  great  value  in  certain  lines  of  work  may 
be    formed    by  intersecting    prominent    characters    in    the 
phrase.     Stroke  s  thus   intersected  may  be  used  to  repre- 
sent society ;    sJi,  association;    k,    company ;   d,  department; 
t,  committee ;  j,  agent.      See   lines  12  to  14,  page  96. 


96 


PHRASES. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  97 


Key  to  Phrases  on  page  96. 

1.  You  may,  you  can,  you  must,  you  will,  you  will  be,  you 
will  have,  you  will  think,  you  will  do,  you  will  remember. 

2.  We  have,  we  have  known,  we  think,  we  think  that, 
we  think  so,  we  think  you  will,  we  shall,  we  shall  be,  we 
shall  have,  we  shall  not  be,  we  shall  not  have,  we  shall 
never. 

3.  Of  your,  to  your,  of  which,  to  which,  of  which  you 
are,  to  which  you  are,  in  which  you  may,  in  which  case,  in 
such  cases,  of  them. 

4.  All  the,  all  the  way,  on  the  way,  in  the  way,  by  the  way, 
that  which  you  may,  for  that,  for  them,  for  your,  for  which, 
for  such. 

5.  With  which  you  may,  with  which  you  are,  you  are,  are 
you,  you  are  right,  you  are  wrong,  are  you  ready,  are  you 
sure. 

6.  Do  you  mean,  did  you  mention,  you  should  be,  you 
should  endeavor,  with   it,  it  was,  which   was,  can   be,  can 
have. 

7.  In  each,  in  which,  in  much,  of  these,  of  this,  of  those, 
we  think  you,  we  thank  you,  those  who  are,  in  this  place. 

8.  You  must  be,  you  must  do,  you  must  have,  you  must 
not,  you  must  not  think,  we  think  you  must  be,  you  must 
always  be. 

9.  A  first,  a  general,  and  there,  and  do  you,  and  this,  and 
will,  send  a,  take  a,  when  a,  when  a  man. 

10.  This  is,  it  is  said,  in  this  city,  as  soon  as,  as  has,  is  his, 
as  has  been,  in  this  section,  there  is  something. 

11.  In  regard,  in  reply,  in  response,  in  relation,  at  first,  at 
once,  at  any  rate,  at  last,  at  sometime. 

12.  Temperance  Society,  Literary  Society,  Bible  Society, 
Missionary  Society,  Singing  Society,  Improvement  Associ- 
ation, Savings  Association,  Medical  Association. 

13.  Railroad    Co.,    American    Express    Co.,    Trust    Co., 
Investment    Co.,    Oil    Co.,    Shorthand    Department,    War 
Department,  Postoffice  Department. 

14.  Executive    Committee,    Finance    Committee,    Ways 
and   Means   Committee,  Traveling  Agent,  Special  Agent, 
Book  Agent,  Insurance  Agent,  Freight  Agent. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Phrasing  —  Continued. 

267.  When   J  is   the   first   word   of  ?  phrase  it  may  be 
written   with    either  the   first  or  last  stroke  of  the  usual 
character.     The  first  stroke  must  always  be  written  down- 
ward and  the  last  upward.     Select  that  stroke  which  forms 
the  better  angle  with  the  following  word.     See  lines  1-5. 

268.  We  or  with  may  be  expressed  by  the  initial  tu  hook. 
See  lines  6  and  7.  page  99. 

269.  You,  in  phrasing,  may  be  inverted  in  order  to  se- 
cure good  joinings.     See  line  8,  page  99. 

270.  There,   their,  other,  or  they-are  may  be  expressed  by 
doubling  a  preceding  curve.     See  lines  9  and  10,  page  99. 

271.  There  or  their  may  be  expressed  by  adding  the  ther 
hook  to  a  preceding  straight  stroke.     See  line  11,  page  99. 

272.  Own  or  than  may  be  expressed  by  adding  the  n  hook 
to  a  preceding  word.     See  line  12,  page  99. 

273.  All  or  will  may  be  expressed  by  adding  the  /  hook 
to  a  preceding  word.     See  line  13,  page  99. 

274.  Are  may  be  expressed  by  adding  the  r  hook  to  a 
preceding  word.     See  line  14,  page  99. 

Key  to  Phrases  on  page  99. 

1.  I  am,  I  am  glad,  I  am  very,  I  am  very  glad,  I  am  sure, 
I  am  very  sure,  I  am  sorry,  I  am  inclined. 

2.  I  have,  I  have  known,  I  have  seen,  I  have  said,  I  have 
done,  I  think,  I  think  so,  I  think  you  will,  I  think  you  may, 
I  find. 

3.  I  fear,  I  fear  you  will  be,  I  shall,  I  shall  be,  I  shall  have, 
I  shall  never,  I  wish,  I  wish  to,  I  wish  to  be,  I  wish  you. 

4.  I  will,  I  will  have,  I  will  think,  1  will  do,  I  can,  I  can- 
not, I  can  be,  I  can  never. 

5.  I  do,  I  had,  I  had  been,  I  had  many,  I  mean,  I  must, 
I  must  be  sure,  I  need  not,  I  never. 

6.  We  will,  we  will  think,  we  will  be,  we  will  try,  we  are, 
we  are  aware,  we  are  inclined,  we  are  sorry,  we  are  certain. 

7.  We  may  or  with  him,  we  may  mention,  we  must,  we 
must  also,  we  must  always,  we  must  be,  with  me  or  with  my, 
we  mean. 

8.  Should  you,  should  you  know,  send   you,  when  you 
can,  forward  you,  I  send  vou,  I  need  you,  I  inclose  you. 


LAWYER 
PHRASES.BALLAS,  r£ 


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N      3. 


1-4- 


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A 


13_ 


f 


ioo  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Key  to  Phrases  on  page  99. 

9.  If  there  or  if  their  or  if  they  are,  for  there  or  for  their 
or  for  they  are,  have  there  or  have  their,  think  there  or 
think   their  or  think  they  are,  wish  there  or  wish  their, 
will  there  or  will  their,  are  there  or  are  their,  in  there  or  in 
their,  value  their,  over  there  or  over  their. 

10.  Some  other,  no  other,  or  know  their,  from  there  or 
from  their,  when  there  or  when  their,  whenever  there  or 
whenever  their,  wherever  there  or  wherever  their,  I  think 
there  or  1  think  their  or  I  think  they  are,  so  there  or  so 
they  are. 

11.  Be  there,  by  their,  had  there  or  had  their,  you  will  be 
there,  finish  their,  furnish  their,  I  am  sure  there  is,  in  their 
places,  was  there  or  was  their. 

12.  Your  own,  our  own,  their  own,  have  their  own,  more 
than,  sooner  than,  better  than,  rather  than,  greater  than, 
further  than. 

13.  At  all,  at  all  events,  by  all,  by  all  means,  in  all,  in  all 
cases,  in  all  such  cases,  for  all,  it  will,  which  will,  they  will. 

14.  They  are,  they  are   said,  they  are   certain,   they  are 
among,  they  are  sometimes,  which  are,  which  are  likely, 
which  are  necessary,  which  are  dear,  such  are. 

Phrasing  —  Continued. 

275.  Not  may  be  expressed  by  the  n  hook  and  the  halving 
principle.     See  line  i,  page  101. 

276.  //maybe  expressed,   after  word- signs  or  outlines 
that  end  with  a  final  straight  stroke,  by  halving  that  stroke. 
See  line  i,  page  101. 

277.  Us  may  be  expressed  by  circle  s  joined  to  a  preced- 
ing word.     See  line  2,  page  lor. 

278.  In  may  be  expressed  by  the  backward  n  curl.  Line  3. 

279.  Have  or  of  may  be  expressed  by  adding  the  v  hook 
to  a  preceding  straight  consonant.     See  line  4,  page  101. 

280.  He  may  be  expressed  in  phrasing  by  the  tick  h.  See 
line  5,  page  101. 

281.  May-be  may  be  expressed  by  thickened  m.  See  line  6. 

282.  Con  or  com  may  be  expressed  in  a  phrase,  as  in  a 
word,  by  disjoining.      See  line  7,  page  101. 

283.  Of-the  may  be  expressed  by  proximity.     See  line  8. 

284.  From-to  may  be  expressed  by  proximity.    See  line  9. 

285.  A,  and,  the,  of,  to,  or,  may  sometimes  be  omitted  in 
phrasing.     See  lines  10  and  11. 


PHRASES. 


101 


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io2  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Key  to  Phrases  on  page  101. 

1.  Do   not,  will  not,  are  not,  may  not,  was  not,  we  are 
not,  for  it,  from  it,  at  it,  which  it,  take  it,  fetch  it,  make  it. 

2.  Tell  us,  tells  us,  take  us,  for  us,  leave  us,  loves  us, 
send  us,  let  us,  let  us  know,  let  us  try,  of  us,  with  us. 

3.  In  some,  in  some  cases,  in  some  things,  in  some  other 
way,  in  spirit,  in  secret,  in  season,  in  as  many  as  possible, 
in  consideration. 

4.  Which  have,  such  have,  such  have  not  known,  which 
have  been,  which  have  not  been,  which  have  done,  said  to 
have,  is  said  to  have,  out  of,  each  of,  much  of,  such  of,  such 
of  them. 

5.  He  may,  he  can,  he  can  be,  he  is,  he  is  not,  he  is  in, 
he  has,  he  has  not,  he  has  been,  he  would,  he  would  be,  he 
was,  he  was  ready. 

6.  May  be,  he  may  be,  you  may  be,  it  may  be,  which  may 
be,  you  may  be  sure,  you  may  be  right,  there  may  be  some. 

7.  In    this    connection,  in    comparison,  in    competition, 
must  confess,  I  will  comply,  I  will  not  complain. 

8.  Wealth  of  the  nation,  remarks  of  the  speaker,  state- 
ment of  the  case,  settlement  of  the  account,  laws  of  the 
country,  center  of  the  earth. 

9.  From  hour  to  hour,  from  place  to  place,  from  )rear  to 
year,  from  street  to  street,  from  day  to  day,  from  man  to 
man,  from  time  to  time. 

10.  Again  and  again,  over  and  over,  more  or  less,  two  or 
three,  east  and  west,  mean  to  have,  mean  to  be,  for  the  first 
time. 

11.  Secretary  of  War,  for  a  long  time,  in  reply  to  your 
letter,  in  time  of  war,  letter  of  credit,  bill  of  lading. 

12.  At    owner's    risk,  at   sender's  risk,   my  dear  sir,  my 
dear  madam,  my  dear  friend. 

13.  It  will   not,  it  will  not  be,  which  will   not   be.   is  it, 
h-as  it,  as  it  has  been,  my  text,  of  course,  first-class,  as  fast 
as,  as  far  as. 

14.  We  have  received  your  letter,  in  order  that,  able  to 
make,  to  be  able  to,  we  are  in  receipt  of  your  letter,  at  hand, 
have  been,  I  have  been,  very  truly  yours. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  103 

Conclusion. 

All  the  principles  of  shorthand  have  been  introduced 
and  yet  the  student  is,  by  no  means,  an  accomplished  ste- 
nographer. But,  if  they  have  been  thoroughly  learned,  the 
foundation  has  been  laid  for  the  utmost  skill  as  a  shorthand 
reporter.  Too  much  emphasis  cannot  be  put  upon  the  im- 
portance of  knowing  the  principles  perfectly.  Young 
stenographers  are  apt,  in  their  desire  to  gain  speed,  to  en- 
deavor to  write  fast  before  they  are  able  to  write  well. 
This  is  not  only  dangerous  because  it  is  likely  to  develop 
illegibility,  but  it  is  not  the  shortest  road  to  rapidity. 
As  "  speed  is  the  result  of  familiarity  with  shorthand,"  the 
person  who  desires  to  become  a  rapid  writer  arid  a  ready 
reader  will  not  lay  aside  the  manual  when  the  principles 
have  been  gone  over  once  or  twice,  but  will  review  it  again 
and  again  until  it  is  thoroughly  digested  and  assimilated. 

When  the  student  has  secured  this  familiarity  with  the 
system  of  writing,  and  has  practiced  faithfully  all  the  out- 
lines, phrases,  and  exercises  given  in  this  book,  he  should 
have  some  one  dictate  to  him  as  much  as  possible.  The 
dictation  should  be  easy  at  first  and  should  never  be  given 
faster  than  it  can  be  taken  with  absolute  accuracy.  Grad- 
ually the  speed  may  be  increased  and  more  difficult  matter 
selected  until  the  writer  is  able  to  report  verbatim  anything 
that  may  be  uttered.  This  is  not  to  be  accomplished  ex- 
cept as  the  result  of  much  hard  work.  While  a  lew  months 
of  hard  work  will  qualify  one  to  accept  a  position  as  an 
amanuensis,  yet  no  ambitious,  energetic  person  will  be  will- 
ing to  stop  here.  I  would  especially  urge  upon  those  who 
do  accept  positions  where  a  speed  of  100  or  125  words  per 
minute  is  all  that  is  required,  that  they  continue  regular, 
systematic  study  and  practice,  and  thus  obtain  a  reserve 
force,  a  surplus  power.  It  may  be  needed  at  any  time.  As 
Garfield  said,  "  If  you  are  not  too  large  for  the  place  you 
occupy,  you  are  too  small  for  it." 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Writing  Exercises. 

[To  be  written  in  connection  with  each  lesson  as  directed.] 


EXERCISE  I. 

CONSONANT  OUTLINES. 
Par,  12  to  33. 

Write  the  consonant  outlines  of  the  following  words: 
Time,  dime,  check,  catch,  peck,  keep,  beak,  cab,  meek, 
deep,  came,  sheep,  shave,  beam,  cheap,  peach,  fame,  name, 
main,  bail,  pail,  knave,  knife,  mail,  balm,  palm,  calm,  pity, 
match,  pulley,  book,  funny,  money,  knock,  heavy,  lady, 
five,  king,  among,  move,  pony,  hatch,  mummy,  honey, 
hung,  lily,  damage,  engage,  cash,  coach,  namely,  nothing, 
deputy,  apology,  badge,  know,  yellow. 

(In  the  following  outlines  use  upward  r).  Rich,  rage, 
rag,  rock,  review,  rub,  ripe,  rash,  right,  wright,  notary, 
wreck,  zero,  sherry,  rosy,  notoriety,  purity,  verify,  park, 
tarry,  marry,  interior,  inferior,  terror,  bearer. 

EXERCISE  II. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  FIRST-POSITION  VOWELS. 
Par.  34  to  44, 

Each,  eat,  me,  my,  if,  in,  boy,  joy,  time,  dim,  dime,  talk, 
pea,  bee,  see,  saw,  ship,  nip,  nib,  thy,  chalk,  mill,  mile,  pill, 
pile,  boil,  ice,  ivy,  meek,  knock,  niche,  nigh,  type,  fog, 
top,  knife,  deny,  filly,  folly,  pity,  body,  inch,  oil,  toil, 
cheek,  dyke,  noisy,  oily,  key,  lee,  eel,  keel,  tall,  tile,  doll, 
dock,  lock,  heath,  she,  gnaw,  leave,  beam,  daub,  pshaw, 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  105 

icy,  eyes,  pike,  timely,  ninny,  lime,  meek,  teeth,  peak, 
teach,  balk,  deal,  jaw,  tea,  fee,  thaw,  thee,  law,  awl,  talk, 
paw,  chick,  fib,  chop,  ditch,  ill,  tithe,  ease,  eke,  leech, 
beak,  beach,  toy,  pipe,  jolly,  bonny,  poppy,  cheap. 


EXERCISE   III. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  SECOND-POSITION  VOWELS. 
Par.  45  to  49. 

Ate,  make,  owed,  know,  up,  duck,  puffy,  peck,  bell, 
funny,  fame,  jug,  neck,  thumb,  ape,  fay,  show,  hate,  head, 
leg,  beck,  maim,  foam,  loam,  fellow,  meadow,  mull,  pug,  lug, 
ache,  cake,  Cato,  money,  honey,  penny,  mush,  shame, 
both,  poach,  lucky,  mellow,  bub,  jug,  yea,  knave,  age,  go, 
jay,  oath,  ace,  bake,  loathe,  lame,  poke,  gnome,  dumb, 
numb,  chum,  cape,  nape,  mope,  halo,  dummy,  egg,  faith, 
shave,  dame,  poke,  name,  deck,  edge,  oath,  oak,  decay, 
know,  delay,  vacate,  also,  shake,  tongue,  buggy,  fetch, 
death,  both. 

EXERCISE   IV. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  THIRD-POSITION  VOWELS. 
Par.  50  to  54. 

Ooze,  ha,  calm,  balm,  move,  moody,  downy,  hatch,  nap, 
hat,  couch,  boom,  hash,  duty,  cube,  endue,  mouth,  sham, 
push,  book,  coo,  pussy,  catch,  add,  pouch,  vowel,  undo, 
bouquet,  lounge,  tooth,  pulley,  cook,  Fannie,  gouge,  towel, 
bough,  vow,  pew,  few,  cow,  cuckoo,  shook,  map,  nook, 
look,  shaggy,  rag,  rap,  bush,  Hannah,  mutiny,  tank, 
family,  palliate,  out,  cab,  ensue,  lack,  lag,  couch,  shabby, 
cubic,  mule,  booth,  use,  ashy,  duty,  dupe,  bank,  downy, 
canny,  chew,  sue. 


106  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


REVIEW  EXERCISE  No.  i. 

SIMPLE  WORDS,  CONTAINING  FIRST,  SECOND  AND  THIRD  PO- 
SITION VOWELS.       PAGES   1-20. 

Write  the  words  in  shorthand,  being  careful  to  place  them  in 
proper  position :  Each,  eat,  ate,  make,  ooze,  time,  dime,  check, 
me,  ode,  calm,  balm,  know,  my,  hatch,  peck,  keep,  beak,  cab, 

meek,  if,  in,  up,  palm,  move,  boy,  moody,  duck,  downy,  puffy, 
•  v  -^" 

joy,  dim,  talk,  bell,  nap,  deep,  came,  sheep,  shave,  beam,  cheap, 

teach,  fame,  name,  see,  saw,  funny,  jug,  hat,  couch,  boom,  ship, 
nip,  neck,  thumb,  duty,  cube,  thy,  mill,  show,  mouth,  sham, 
hate,  head,  mile,  tile,  leg,  push,  book,  boil,  ice,  ivy,  comb, 
pussy,  meek,  catch,  loam,  knock,  add,  meadow,  niche,  nigh, 

pouch,   pug,  undo,   type,   fog,   knave,   knife,   mail,   pity,  lady, 

^ 
heavy,  money,  pulley,  match,  five,  king,  among,  pony,  mummy, 

honey,  nothing,  namely,  coach,  cash,  engage,  damage,  lily, 
hung,  badge,  top,  deny,  body,  tooth,  lounge,  cook,  ache,  cake, 
shame,  gouge,  inch,  oil,  toil,  both,  bathe,  faith,  bough,  vow, 
cheek,  dike,  pew,  few,  key,  eel,  shook,  map,  nook,  zeal,  zodiac, 
Zion,  lucky,  like,  mellow,  lock,  heath,  jug,  gnaw,  she,  yea,  go, 
beam,  pshaw,  shaggy,  tank,  dumb,  loathe,  oath,  numb,  chum, 
eyes,  timely,  booth,  awl,  law,  thaw,  out,  couch,  shabby,  fib, 
chop,  edge,  tithe,  cubic,  decay,  fetch,  vouch,  tongue,  use,  chew, 
death,  apology,  effect,  fact,  monopoly,  indemnity,  unanimity, 
indemnify,  package,  baggage,  cabbage,  luggage,  tobacco, 
Dakota,  Toledo,  Topeka',  Chicago,  Alabama,  Kennebec, 
Albany. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  107 


EXERCISE  V. 

UPWARD  AND  DOWNWARD  r  AND  /. 
Par.  56  to  61. 

Rake,  rogue,  rob,  row,  rock,  rim,  ark,  tire,  fire,  fiery,  re- 
view, rhyme,  pour,  purr,  poor,  four,  farm,  form,  rear,  rack, 
arch,  ear,  army,  room,  earth,  sherry,  interior,  inferior,  arena, 
carry,  jury,  hour,  hero,  roar,  fair,  morrow,  merino,  dairy, 
orb,  aright,  urge,  tear,  tarry,  lime,  boil,  foil,  foul,  fuel,  coil, 
vile,  vowel,  dale,  dell,  jolly,  jelly,  bellow,  loaf,  love,  lady, 
allow,  guile,  alive,  lion,  rally,  rail,  relay,  roil,  roily,  fell,  fol- 
low, hourly,  mail,  valley,  alarm,  lower,  liar,  fowl,  pail,  leaf, 
rely,  toiler,  loyalty,  shower,  arch,  folly,  rear,  arrear,  early, 
door. 


EXERCISE  VI. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  s,  z  AND  sez. 
Par.  62  to  73. 

Sit,  sat,  some,  save,  sing,  stay,  piece,  does,  goes,  joys, 
race,  guess,  ties,  chase,  snows,  signs,  sour,  seems,  yes, 
ways,  scheme,  less,  soaks,  slope,  smoke,  sick,  sledge,  he- 
roes, debase,  advice,  reasons,  basin,  beseech,  dozen,  hues, 
skip,  muscles,  dusty,  incites,  absolve,  dissolve,  locks,  gos- 
sip, tools,  dispatch,  box,  stacks,  despoil,  fastens,  cellars, 
passive,  ashes,,  dusk,  besom,  passes,  pieces,  bosses,  boxes, 
abscess,  abscesses,  kisses,  hisses,  phases,  successes,  exces- 
ses, dispossesses,  necessary,  surfaces,  chastises,  noises, 
receipt,  slope,  surveys,  notice,  baser,  spike,  sly,  tease, 
daze,  toss,  sail,  sale,  slay,  recess,  rose,  roses,  pass,  loose, 
moss,  knows,  expose,  phase,  face,  faces,  phases. 


io8  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


EXERCISE  VII. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  st,  zd  AND  sir. 
Par.  74  to  82. 

Past,  pastor,  passed,  pastors,  baste,  boasts,  toasts,  toast, 
toaster,  toasters,  beast,  cast,  casts,  castor,  castors,  jest, 
jester,  jests,  jesters,  guessed,  mist,  mister,  muster,  nest, 
haste,  hissed,  fosters,  taste,  gust,  luster,  gazed,  vaster,  rust, 
roasts,  guest,  tastes,  duster,  dusters,  system,  stole,  faster, 
refused,  best,  just,  justify,  steal,  store,  tests,  testify,  star, 
storm,  styles,  invest,  invests,  destiny,  artist,  artists, 
utmost,  surmised,  deepest,  register,  rejoiced,  stillest,  fair- 
est, digest,  debased,  revised,  nests,  mast,  master,  musters, 
atheist,  atheistic,  tease,  dazed,  amazed,  forced,  forest,  forests, 
luster,  still,  stale,  steamer,  arrest,  taskmaster,  bolster, 
earnest,  disposed,  utmost,  surmised,  Rochester. 


EXERCISE  VIII. 

WHEN  TO  USE  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS. 
Par.  83  to  86. 

Use,  us,  ask,  moss,  mossy,  fuss,  fussy,  rose,  rosy,  same, 
maze,  mazy,  loose,  lasso,  case,  sake,  sauce,  saucy,  asp,  pass, 
chaos,  bias,  zeal,  sail,  assail,  espy,  easy,  isthmus,  asthma, 
science,  pious,  gauzy,  bestow,  'gusset,  posy,  essay,  zinc, 
easel,  sciatica,  spy,  espy,  scion,  scope,  escape,  oozing,  zero, 
best,  ecstasy,  deposed,  deposit,  exposed,  busy,  resist, 
agency,  jealous,  jealousy,  ensue,  noise,  noisy,  resume,  em- 
phasis, emphasize,  emphasized,  sighs,  eyes,  dies,  dizzy, 
days,  daisy,  decide,  reside,  escape,  ease,  easy,  sleep,  asleep. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  log 

REVIEW  EXERCISE  NO.  2. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  UPWARD  AND  DOWNWARD  r  AND  /,  CIRCLES 
AND  LOOPS.     PAGES  21-31. 

Write  in  shorthand  without  referring  to  the  previous  les- 
sons :  Past,  sit,  rake,  rogue,  view,  rhyme,  sat,  race,  guess, 
pastor,  maze,  arch,  ear,  ways,  scheme,  jester,  jests,  chaos,  bias, 
-*  carry,  jury,  debase,  haste,  science,  pious,  orb,  aright,  skip, 
muscles,  roasts,  guest,  easel,  sciatica,  vile,  vowel,  sip,  tools, 
best,  ecstasy,  refused,  storm,  styles,  agency,  jealous,  allow, 
guile,  passive,  ashes,  abscess,  emphasis,  utmost,  emphasized, 
surmised,  digest,  excesses,  dispossesses,  follow,  hourly,  rely, 
toiler,  receipt,  slope,  days,  daisy,  toss,  moss,  nose,  door,  luster, 
still,  earnest,  disposed,  rob,  pour,  army,  room,  earth,  hour, 
hero,  urge,  tear,  dale,  alive,  nail,  valley,  loyalty,  shower,  some, 
save,  ties,  chase,  lest,  advice,  reasons,  dusty,  incites,  dispatch, 
box,  dust,  necessary,  surveys,  notice,  sale,  recess,  expose,  phvse, 
taste,  duster,  just, .justify,  invests,  deepest,  register,  lose,  zeal, 
sail,  assail,  bestow,  espy,  spy,  deposit,  jealousy,  decide,  reside, 
escape,  passage,  rim,  ark,  tire,  farm,  morrow,  lime,  boil,  foil, 
jolly,  jelly,  bellow,  alarm,  lower,  relay,  piece,  does,  signs, 
sour,  smoke,  beseech,  absolve,  passes,  pieces,  surface,  rose, 
rosy,  casks,  mist,  gazed,  system,  steel,  store,  tests,  destiny, 
rejoiced,  amazed,  forced,  arrest,  saucy,  essay,  escape,  exposed, 
busy,  noise,  noisy,  asleep,  zero,  bolster,  successes,  gossip,  yes, 
early,  arrear,  arena,  review,  aurora,  zinc,  rust,  rusty,  russet, 
roses,  chastises,  baser,  dissolve,  dairy,  rally,  Cincinnati,  Mis- 
sissippi, Syracuse,  Jackson,  Johnson,  Smith,  Mason,  Paris, 
Minnesota. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


EXERCISE  IX. 
WORDS  CONTAINING  w 
Par.  87  to  100. 

Weep,  wet,  watch,  weave,  wash,  wig,  weak,  wave,  walk, 
web,  wink,  won,  well,  wag,  yam,  yoke,  young,  yawn,  wine, 
windy,  wheel,  whale,  where,  warm,  weal,  while,  wan,  ween, 
Wednesday,  window,  Wheeling,  once,  whence,  Yankee, 
swore,  swell,  wail,  swale,  wealthy,  welfare,  warehouse, 
sweep,  wedge,  wane,  swap,  swab,  worm,  work,  wear, 
swarthy,,  whereat,  worst,  wing,  whim,  woke,  awoke,  away, 
await,  witness,  weed,  sweet,  Swede,  watch,  wade,  wed, 
young,  wealth,  welcome,  wane,  win,  wool,  worthy,  worth, 
wolf,  weary,  wall,  swear,  swan,  swine,  wit,  swim. 


EXERCISE  X. 
HEAVY  m  AND  TICK  h. 
Par.  101  to  107. 

Lamp,  camp,  dump,  lump,  pump,  jump,  pomp,  stamp, 
stump,  champ,  imp,  romp,  mumps,  swamp,  ambush,  bam- 
boo, ambitious,  stumble,  impeach,  impedes,  scamp,  empire, 
ambiguity,  sympathy,  home,  hack,  ham,  her,  why,  hub, 
heap,  hammock,  hassock,  harrow,  harm,  whoa,  hearth,  hid, 
hark,  hop,  height,  hoar,  hollow,  whole,  whistle,  whig,  hug, 
havoc,  hardy,  whack,  whisky,  hoarse,  hackney,  hasten, 
horizon,  holiday,  hair,  hotne.'y,  holier,  haughty,  helm,  hem, 
homely,  holy,  heal,  whistler,  Nahum,  unholy,  unhook,  un- 
wholesome, embalm,  embank,  embargo,  embark,  embassy, 
embellish,  embezzle,  embody,  hemp,  hump. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  in 

EXERCISE   XI. 

WORD-SIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 

Par.  1 08  to  119. 

Be,  it,  do,  which,  come,  give,  for,  think,  will,  are,  your, 
he,  that,  we,  I,  how,  you,  is,  as,  of,  to,  on,  should,  the,  a, 
and,  of-the,  to-the,  to-you,  you-should,  you-may,  if-you, 
you-will,  of-it,  of-your,  it-will-be,  you-will-be,  you-will- 
think,  you -may-go. 

You-should  study  your  lessons  well.  Do-you  think  he 
will  go  ?  Mary  will  come  home  for-the  holidays.  Will  you 
give  that  book  to  Harry,  and  that  pencil  to  Nellie  ?  Which 
is  your  desk?  You-may  lay  the  book  on  the  box  in-the 
window.  It  is  as  I  said;  he  has  no  right  to  leave  the  work 
for  me.  Take  the  best  of-your  fur  and  make  a  muff  for- 
the  lady, 

EXERCISE  XII. 
WORD-SIGNS  AND  PHRASES 

Par.  1 20  to  122. 

I  -^ 

Of,  to,  or,  but,  on,  should,  all,  two,  t©o,  already,  owe,  oh, 
ought,  who,  whom,  have,  them,  was,  wish,  shall,  advantage, 
common,  come,  give,  given,  together,  it-is,  to-be,  to-do,  of- 
which,  you-are,  do-you,  wish-to,  we-are.  we-will. 

We-are  happy  to  show  you  our  stock  of  shoes.  Pay 
your  money  and  take  your  choice.  Two  of  us  will  stay  at 
home;  all-the  rest  ought  to  go  to  Albany.  Come  to-the 
city  and  we-will  see  that  you  have-the  advantages  you 
wish.  lie  was  at  home  last  week.  The  ring  was  given  to 
him,  and  also  the  watch.  We  wish  to  read  the  manual  to- 
gether. We  have  but  to  say  so  and  he  will  go  or  stay. 


U2  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

They  have  no  reason  to  say  that  he  is  common.  Who  are 
you  that  you  should  be  so  haughty?  You  have  given  to  me 
money  that  you  owe  to  some  one  else.  We-will  walk  two 
miles  as  you  already  have.  You  too  shall  have-the  advan. 
tages  that  they  have.  He  devises  many  schemes  and 
boasts  of  his  success.  Are  you  disposed  to  give  us  the 
necessary  tools  for-the  work  which  you  wish  us  to-do? 
They  will  visit  the  museum  together. 


EXERCISE  XIII. 

WORD-SIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 

Par.  123  and  124. 

We,  with,  were,  what,  would,  ye,  year,  yet,  beyond,  you, 
any,  when,  thing,  long,  him,  usual,  usually,  we-were,  what- 
would,  would-you,  is-the,  you-are,  are-you,  have-you,  for- 
the,  in-which,  be-willing,  as-well-as,  for-them. 

We-were  with  you  last  year,  yet  you-will  give  us  no  help. 
What-would  they  do  if  we-were  to  leave  them  ?  Take- the 
next  seat  beyond  you.  Would  they  be-willing  to  leave  the 
store  for-a  week  or  two  ?  \Vhen  he  goes  home  take  his 
books  and  lock  them  up  in  your  room.  Mary  and  her 
cousin  will  visit  the  fair  together.  All  is  as-well-as  we 
wish.  The  ink  was  given  you ;  the  book  you  must  pay  for. 
He  weighed  well  what  he  said;  he  will  satisfy  you.  Next 
year  we  hope  to  go  west;  what-would  you  give  to  go  with 
us?  He  was  anxious  to  live  at  home  —  that  being  best  for 
his  health.  They  were  all  too  willing  to  receive  money, 
and  all  too  unwilling  to  pay  it.  Two  and  two  are  four,  and 
two  less  two  is  zero.  They  ought  to-do  well;  they  have 
had  many  advantages.  His  talk  was  harsh  and  rude.  It-is 
warm  by  the  register.  Will  you  take  a  sail  in  my  yacht? 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  113 

REVIEW  EXERCISE  NO.  3. 

w  HOOK  AND  SEMICIRCLE,  THE  3'  SEMICIRCLE,  HEAVY  m,  TICK 
h,  WORD-SIGNS.     PAGES  32-41. 

Write   in   shorthand   without  referring  to   the  previous   les- 
sons :      Wet,    weave,    weak,    lamp,    camp,    dump,    swim,    wall, 
t   weary,  walk,  wave,  stamp,  jump,  hemp,  embody,  embezzle,  web, 
r    wine,   wink,   well,   young,   yoke,   yam,   wealth,   worth,   worthy, 

•  wholesome,  embalm,  embank,  embark,  welcome,  wool,  ambush, 
bamboo,  windy,  where,  while,  wade,  watch,  sweet,  weed,  wit- 
ness,   weight,    await,    ambitious,    stumble,    impeach,    whistler, 

•  homely,   Wednesday,   window,   once,   yankee,   ambiguity,   sym- 
,  path}-,    home,    hack,   ham,    her,    why,   holiday,    haughty,    swell, 
'  welfare,   warehouse,   hammock,   hassock,  harm,   sweep,   wedge, 

.  wane,  work,  wear,  hark,  height,  hollow,  whole,  worst,  whim, 
woke,  awoke,  away,  Watson,  Wilson,  Winnipeg,  Harrison,  of, 

-  ought,  common,  be,  will,  is,  and,  you,  think,  for,  how,  a,  the, 
I,  given,  we,  should,  on,  that,  come,  which,  he,  to,  your,  do,  it, 
are,   as,   his,   has,   have,   them,   or,   was,   wish,   but,   advantage, 

,.  shall,  all,  already,  together,  whom,  too,  we-will,  we-are,  of-the, 
if-you,  you-will,  to-the,  to-you,  of-it,  you-should,  of-your, 
you-may,  wish-to,  do-you,  you-are,  of-which,  to-do,  to-be,  it-is, 
owe,  how,  it-will-be.  Honesty  is  the  best  policy.  The  love 

'  of  money  has  caused  the  ruin  of  many.  If  you  wish  to  suc- 
ceed in  your  study  you  must  be  in  earnest  in  your  work. 
If  you  visit  Chicago  you  should  stop  at  Toledo.  Write  to 
your  cousin  and  ask  if  she  will  come  here  this  week  for  the 

•  purpose  of  which  we  spoke  on  Monday.     If  the  boy  comes  the 
young  lady  will  give  him  the  key.     It  will  be  an  advantage  to 

•  you  to  be  here  in  time  to  recite  your  lesson.     Do  you  wish  to 
speak  to  her ? 


ii4  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


EXERCISE  XIV. 

STRAIGHT  DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 

Par.  125  to  132. 

Play,  ply,  pray,  prow,  plow,  tray,  grew,  grow,  gray,  glow, 
clay,  clue,  drew,  glue,  cloy,  acre,  upper,  utter,  keeper, 
pauper,  broom,  brake,  trice,  drip,  drop,  trip,  climb,  cries, 
praise,  blame,  creep,  clap,  gleam,  eagle,  brook,  couple, 
tidal,  bridle,  double,  grapple,  tiger,  single,  grew,  glue, 
plump,  crape,  glass,  crimp,  crawl,  clock,  brake,  bloom, 
group,  try,  blow,  eager,  able,  paddle,  block,  cloy,  prig,  peer, 
bulk,  opal,  dire,  places,  grudge,  pleas,  dressed,  tear,  cloth, 
bear,  bray,  beagle,  inveigle,  creak,  bleak,  brackish,  black, 
gall,  gloss,  bowls,  bluster,  climb,  purple,  pulp,  plea,  plum, 
press,  breeze,  cress,  grace,  gross,  pressed,  dressed,  praised, 
crouch,  crab,  plume,  pluck,  plague,  blubber,  lubber,  labor, 
grazed,  plaster,  blister,  truck,  drink,  claw,  brow,  probe, 
title,  bible,  chill,  tackle,  pickle,  truce. 

EXERCISE  XV. 

CURVED  DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 
Par.  133  to  141. 

Flee,  free,  fray,  frame,  fi}r,  flow,  fry,  freak,  flog,  muffle, 
ruffle,  raffle,  manner,  tanner,  thrum,  throb,  thrash,  flue, 
offer,  travel,  bevel,  level,  measure,  treasure,  throng,  revel, 
shuffle,  baffle,  Ethel,  Bethel,  laver,  special,  especial,  novel, 
hovel,  shovel,  tenor,  banner,  miner,  plumber,  drummer, 
flap,  flabby,  friar,  froze,  cavil,  fissure,  official,  leisure,  lasher, 
youthful,  shrill,  initial,  throng,  tinner,  thinner,  azure, 
throve,  thresher,  rumor,  fleecy,  Friday,  shaver,  flail,  frail, 
fresh,  flavor,  flesh,  thrumming,  thrall,  frugal,  froth,  frosty, 
fry,  fluid,  flunjj,  flowery,  shriek,  shrimp,  shrug,  shrub,  shrink, 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  us 

flag,  flake,  flame,  flask,  flax,  floor,  fluffy,  flung,  flurry, 
freckle,  froth,  awful,  offer,  evil,  oval,  ether,  author,  either, 
freshly,  official,  bushel. 

EXERCISE  XVI. 
TRIPLE   CONSONANTS.     PAR.  142  TO  151. 

Strip,  strap,  strike,  straw,  strew,  stray,  splay,  display, 
stroke,  struck,  idle,  saddle,  settle,  subtle,  scrape,  scribe, 
displease,  describe,  disagree,  sister,  stream,  pray,  spray, 
screw,  sprinkle,  sicker,  prescribe,  prisoner,  exclaim,  exclu- 
sive, prosper,  gospel,  plausible,  explicit,  extreme,  explore, 
cider,  sober,  sable,  sidle,  sickle,  string,  disclose,  physical, 
satchel,  scrawl,  scrawny,  descry,  discourage,  scribe,  scratch, 
extremely,  expressly,  extra,  dishonor,  civility,  struggle, 
spray,  spruce,  stretch,  stretcher,  struggle,  scraper,  scribble, 
splasher,  suffer,  civil,  cipher,  gastric,  pastry,  bicycle,  dis- 
claim, descry,  discourage,  discourse,  discursive,  disgrace. 

REVIEW  EXERCISE  XO.  4. 
DOUBLE  AND  TRIPLE  CONSONANTS.     PAGES  42-49. 

Write  in  shorthand,  without  referring  to  the  previous  les- 
sons :  Play,  pray,  flow,  fro,  side,  cider,  sad,  sadder,  sad- 
dle, sick,  sickly,  ply,  pry,  grow,  glow,  flee,  free,  flame,  frame, 
muffle,  title,  tackle,  pickle,  bushel,  official,  author,  oval,  offer, 
freckle,  struggle,  upper,  utter,  keeper,  couple,  ruffle,  manner, 
tanner,  flag,  flake,  floor, flurry,  flowery,  shriek,  shrub,  plaster, 
blister,  probe,  broom,  break,  drop,  plague,  labor,  press,  breeze, 

brook,  eagle,  gross,  travel,  measure,  display,  displease,  sister, 

(OVER) 


n6  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

discourage,  disgrace,  civil,  bicycle,  disclaim,  throw,  civility, 
gospel,  exclaim,  exclusive,  extremely,  expressly,  physical, 
plausible,  explicit,  stretcher,  title,  subscribe,  describe,  disclose, 
scribe,  scribble,  cycle,  extra,  dishonor,  plumber,  label,  Friday, 
special,  prosper,  pastry,  cipher,  suffer,  deceiver,  commerce, 
taper,  able,  signer,  supreme,  enclosure,  plainer,  explosive, 
stream,  sprinkle,  fluffy,  initial,  young,  vapor,  brace,  supper, 
freely,  crime,  disagreeable,  ample,  disable,  supercede,  essential, 
yet,  any,  him,  visible,  sober,  cable,  cheaper,  were,  usual, 
supremacy,  stifle,  freeze,  descry,  spray,  spruce,  flog,  com- 
mercial, bottle,  former,  extremity,  explosive,  major,  close, 
cloister,  shrug,  battle,  shrimp,  clay,  gale,  gray,  pale,  pressure, 
level,  with,  was,  labor,  suppress,  civilize,  grace,  favor,  disable, 
frozen,  fable,  splice,  praise,  supple,  distress,  dinner,  miner, 
sooner,  cloy,  Oliver,  Frazier,  Harrisburg,  Liverpool,  Troy, 
Buffalo. 

Blame  no  one  for  the  official  error.  The  disagreeable  task 
will  discourage  the  boy.  The  package  came  by  express  to  my 
address.  He  will  give  them  fair  measure. 

EXERCISE  XVII. 
THE  n  HOOK.     PAR.   152  TO  157. 

Pain,  pen,  pin,  pun,  bun,  boon,  spoon,  spawn,  Spain, 
ten,  den,  din,  down,  thrown,  frown,  drown,  moan,  tone, 
cone,  loan,  men,  skein,  throne,  alone,  bean,  dean,  hewn, 
broken,  token,  blacken,  sudden,  stone,  brandy,  ran,  run, 
roan,  brine,  spine,  plenty,  clean,  hone,  penny,  pony,  rain, 
rainy,  piano,  prune,  plain,  refrain,  bone,  bony,  join,  pine, 
coin,  crown,  Jane,  cleanly,  screening,  joining,  moaning,  fan, 
van,  fancy,  vanish,  banish,  punish,  plan,  shrine,  occu- 
pancy, replenish,  clemency,  vagrancy,  tune,  bane,  deign. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  117 

dawn,  prone,  drawn,  drown,  keen,  crane,  spleen,  sprain, 
strain,  chin,  chain,  gin,  green,  grain,  grown,  feign,  flown, 
frown,  even,  oven,  thin,  then,  shown,  lean,  lawn,  mine, 
known,  clannish. 


EXERCISE  XVIII. 

THE/  OR  v  HOOK  AND  s  ADDED  TO  FINAL  HOOKS. 
Par.  158  to  1 66. 

Pave,  drove,  crave,  ruff,  cuff,  drive,  prove,  Jove,  cough, 
rebuff,  proving,  bluff,  dive,  dove,  divinity,  heave,  believe, 
cove,  cave,  grave,  grove,  chief,  chaff,  rough,  hive,  strive, 
gruff,  cleave,  cliff,  tiff,  stuff,  puffs,  paves,  craves,  drives, 
duns,  tuns,  tins,  dens,  pains,  gains,  cleans,  cleaves,  groans, 
stones,  strives,  drones,  drowns,  crowns,  feigns,  shines, 
mines,  moans,  shuns,  glance,  glances,  pounce,  pounces, 
danced,  pounced,  punster,  fence,  fences,  evinces,  hive, 
hove,  serve,  deserve,  bereave,  reserve,  coffee,  taffy,  huffy, 
defy,  survey,  gravy,  Java,  proves,  braves,  cloves,  paves, 
strives,  calves,  proofs,  define,  devoid,  divide,  devote,  gra- 
phic, pins,  spans,  tones,  strains,  trains,  drains,  sprains, 
joins,  fans,  frowns,  veins,  lines,  means,  vines,  lancer,  can- 
cer, fencing,  ransom,  lonesome,  princes,  prances,  bounces, 
chances, 

EXERCISE    XIX. 
WORD-SIGNS  AND   PHRASES. 

Par,  167  and  168. 
Key  to  Phrases  on  page  54. 

i.  That-the,  for-the,  in-the,  have-the,  think-the,  of-the, 
to-the,  on-the,  should-the,  all-the,  by-the,  if-the. 


n8  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

2.  Are-the,  from-the,  was-the,  during-the,  until-the,  till- 
the,  which-the,   ought-the,  owe-the,  or-the,  but-the,  value- 
the. 

3.  And-for-a,  and-for-the,  and-have-a,  and-have-the,  and- 
that-a,  and-when-a,  or-a,  but-a,  on-a,  should-a,  of-a. 

4.  And-is,  and-as,  is-a,  as-a,  is-the.  as-the,  and-is-the,  and- 
as-the,  and-is-a,  and-as-a. 

Principal,  principally,  principle,  practice,  member,  re- 
member, remembered,  number,  numbered,  truth,  doctor, 
dear,  during,  tell,  till,  until,  care,  call,  difficult,  difficulty, 
Mr.,  remark,  remarkable,  more,  near,  nor,  full,  fully,  from, 
every,  very,  value,  three,  there,  their,  other,  sure,  surely, 
pleasure. 

The  principal  thing  to  remember  in  this  work  is  that  we 
must  practice  each  lesson  faithfully.  To  tell-the  truth  Dr. 
Smith  will  call  there  no  more  until  he  is  sure  that-the  diffi- 
culty has  been  taken  away.  We  shall  have-the  pleasure  of 
listening  to  remarks  from  Mr.  Brown.  There  were  three  pails 
full  of  milk  very  near  the  other  door.  Value  your  time; 
it-is  money.  Their  names  are  dear  to-the  people.  Take 
care  to  call  things  by  their  right  names.  It  will  surely  give 
me  pleasure  to  call  there  with  you.  Tell  him  to  go  home 
till  noon.  There-are  many  other  plans  for  study  during- 
the  week.  We  fully  perceive  the  difficulty,  but-the  truth 
is  until  you  care  more  for  work  than  for  pleasure  there 
surely  will-be  few  chances  for  us  to  help  you.  Every  chair 
in-the  room,  and  there-are  many,  is  of  small  value,  but  of 
dear  cost.  Very  many  people  preach  principles;  very  few 
practice.  Dear  Dr.  Green  took  care  of  Mr.  Mason  during 
his  illness.  Until  you  care  to  call  things  by  their  right 
names  you-will-have  difficulty  with  everything  you  try  to 
explain.  We  usually  have  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  the 
names  of-a  number  of-the  principal  members  of-the  House. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  119 

REVIEW  EXERCISE  NO.  5. 

THE  n  HOOK,  THE  f  OR  v  HOOK,  CIRCLES  ADDED  TO  HOOKS, 
WORD-SIGNS.     PAGES  50-57. 

Write  in  shorthand  without  referring  to  the  previous  les- 
sons :  Pain,  pave,  feign,  stain,  strain,  strive,  strains,  strives, 
thrown,  frown,  broken,  plenty,  brandy,  believe,  divide, 
chances,  lonesome,  pen,  penny,  cough,  coffee,  bereave,  brave, 
bluff,  cleave,  drives,  graphic,  divinity,  remain,  sermon,  replen- 
ish, blacken,  taken,  engrave,  prefix,  blown,  green,  refrain,  refine, 
refiner,  refinery,  ravine,  preference,  serve,  survey,  rain,  rainy, 
deaf,  defy,  chief,  achieve,  morning,  earn,  arena,  occupancy, 
drowns,  danced,  alone,  tune,  feigns,  rough,  shown,  define, 
crave,  oven,  proof,  chances,  sudden,  tuns,  splasher,  plenty,  cliff, 
lawn,  lawns,  strives,  explain,  expense,  many,  declines,  defeat, 
disclose,  nine,  financial,  soften,  deserves,  cloves,  refrain,  token. 
•  known,  exclusive,  spoon,  run,  runs,  vain,  chains,  thin,  visible, 
•again,  glances,  refer,  cyclone,  down,  fleecy,  reprove,  doves, 
residence,  retains,  plan,  disagree,  spray,  money,  man,  iron, 
gone,  grief,  grieves,  assign,  restrains,  roofs,  coupons,  shuns, 
fans,  fencing,  vanish,  chaff,  gruff,  ransom,  skein,  evinces, 
explore,  fences,  settle,  leisure,  commercial,  blacken,  even, 
moan,  many,  grain,  grains,  possible,  cypress,  legal,  farmer, 
thrice,  screening,  join,  finish,  suppress,  seven,  feasible,  refer- 
ences, response,  extra,  staff,  approves,  rains,  observes,  Brown, 
Boston,  Dayton,  Henry,  David,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  Maine, 
Michigan. 

The  iron  wheel  of  the  machine  is  broken.  To  define  a 
dream  we  say  it  is  an  idle  fancy  that  passes  through  the  brain 
in  sleep.  She  will  devote  an  hour  each  day  to  the  study  of 
music  and  will  divide  the  remaining  time  into  periods  of  two 
hours  each  for  the  study  of  other  branches. 


I2o  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

EXERCISE  XX. 

THE  LARGE  wa  HOOK. 

Par.  169  to  175. 

Twain,  tweak,  twig,  twin,  twist,  dwell,  dwarf,  queen, 
queer,  quest,  quick,  quiver,  quiz,  square,  squall,  squaw, 
squeak,  squeeze,  squeal,  quail,  quince,  quack,  bequest,  in- 
quest, quibble,  twill,  twitch,  twinkle,  quarrel,  quota,  quoth, 
quiet,  equip,  equity,  iniquity,  anguish. 

Ml   Nl,    Rl,  AND  Lr. 
Par.  176  to  179. 

Learn,  peril,  panel,  ferule,  collar,  colorj  final,  gallery, 
family,  channel,  carol,  pommel,  tunnel,  animal,  mackerel, 
melancholy,  relapse,  relative,  lurch,  neuralgia,  scholar, 
rural,  spiral,  barrel,  ferrule,  camel,  enamel,  funnel,  scholars, 
barrels. 

EXERCISE  XXI. 

THE  LARGE  FINAL  HOOKS  AND  S-shun  CURL. 
Par.  1 80  to  1 88. 

Mission,  motion,  nation,  profession,  caution,  auction, 
action,  session,  oration,  provision,  addition,  edition, 
duration,  location,  locomotion,  notion,  daughter,  brother, 
cater,  bother,  gather,  writer,  station,  rations,  passion,  pa- 
tience, creation,  twitter,  trotter,  blotter,  stutter,  scatter, 
cheater,  pleader,  platter,  chatter,  clatter,  glitter,  director, 
educator,  secretion,  decision,  position,  disposition,  physi- 
cian, dispossession,  operation,  operators,  sensation,  sensa- 
tional, transition,  transitional,  involution,  evolution,  execu- 
tion, exaction,  exertion,  exposition,  expression,  magician, 
mutation,  narration,  proposition,  commission,  adoption,  op- 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  121 

tion,  cushion,  implication,  reaction,  application,  nation, 
mention,  animation,  invasion,  revision,  elevation,  pollution, 
dictionary,  educational,  actions,  occupations,  fashions,  vi- 
sions, sections,  position,  opposition,  supposition,  precision, 
accession,  civilization,  accusation,  dispensation,  ocean, 
shun,  shuns,  oceans. 

EXERCISE  XXII. 

THE  HALVING  PRINCIPLE. 

Par.  189  to  195. 

Bake,  baked,  tap,  tapped,  dip,  dipped,  rub,  rubbed,  brag, 
bragged,  lame,  lamed,  pay,  paid,  east,  not,  mite,  let,  lave, 
laved,  bought,  taught,  save,  saved,  glad,  mad,  bad,  crude, 
nailed,  mailed,  sent,  send,  blood,  proud,  cloud,  papered, 
better,  brief,  briefest,  laid,  old,  debt,  made,  street,  sprite, 
measured,  bathed,  met,  made,  claimed,  get,  crept,  played, 
prayed,  doubled,  troubled,  flight,  fright,  spread,  displayed, 
brood,  bred,  bled,  trade,  grade,  supply,  supplied,  pinched, 
banished,  touched,  tacked,  tracked,  vouched,  slipped, 
nipped,  pegged,  paged,  plugged,  pledged,  drugged,  begged, 
apt,  wept,  walked,  oft,  aft,  east,  etched,  ached,  art,  eased, 
oozed,  cheat,  chat,  cat,  cut,  feat,  fit,  fat.  nut,  night,  note,  mite, 
meet,  vied,  void,  vowed,  viewed,  end,  need,  nod,  needle, 
sound,  sand,  sinned,  signed,  hired,  heard,  hard,  hemmed, 
meddle,  muddle,  middle,  elocutionist,  bravest,  roughest, 
vainest,  finest,  oftenest,  peopled,  labored,  baffled. 

EXERCISE  XXIII. 

THE  HALVING  PRINCIPLE  (Continued). 

l\u\  196  to  204. 

Bent,  bend,  pent,  penned,  dived,  paved,  caution,  cau- 
tioned, stationed,  fined,  mined,  drift,  moaned,  frowned,  ap- 


i22  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

proved,  drafts,  craved,  glitter,  glittered,  round,  around, 
grieved,  plant,  rent,  words,  earned,  prints,  splints,  bends, 
tents,  joints,  mound,  mountain,  throned,  shrined,  remained, 
act,  acted,  ended,  protected,  treated,  dreaded,  freighted, 
heaved,  hotel,  wilds,  fiat,  poet,  looked,  sentiment,  some- 
times, fact,  evoked,  pity,  estimate,  root,  tarried,  defendant, 
superintendent,  vacate,  windy,  hired,  mitigate,  tidy,  mud, 
muddy,  heaved,  laid,  red,  ready,  did,  dado,  create,  windy, 
locked,  beautify,  effected,  pawned,  spend,  sprained,  trained, 
twined,  gained,  drained,  friend,  cleaned,  paved,  grieved, 
grooved,  achieved,  motioned,  fashioned,  pits,  pets,  cheats, 
chats,  fits,  skates,  sheets,  fleets,  shouts,  fights,  thoughts, 
streets,  grades,  deeds,  coined,  scant,  scanned, grand,  ground, 
tended,  sounded,  petted,  lighted,  alphabet,  credit,  freedom, 
raft,  rained,  raved,  roved,  served,  surround,  fared,  named, 
fired,  feared. 


EXERCISE  XXIV. 

THE  DOUBLING  PRINCIPLE  AND  SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION. 
Par.  205  to  214. 

Feather,  mother,  .thither,  father,  smother,  smoother, 
neither,  another,  weather,  shatter,  flutter,  Easter,  flatter, 
oyster,  letter,  loiter,  smatter,  slaughter,  meter,  center, 
winter,  niter,  water,  motor,  alter,  laughter,  tender,  tinder, 
order,  fodder,  shudder,  surrender,  gender,  tinker,  anchor, 
franker,  clinker,  hanker,  rancor,  finger,  hunger,  younger, 
temper,  scamper,  hamper,  damper,  distemper,  amber,  tim- 
ber, limber,  lumber,  December,  feathers,  fingers,  tempers, 
tampers,  northern,  alternation. 

Believe,  charm,  scarlet,  marble,  skill,  dark,  regard,  gold, 
skull,  Turkey,  journal,  scourge,  court,  curve,  secure, 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  123 

REVIEW  EXERCISE  NO.  6. 

LARGE  INITIAL  AND  FINAL  HOOKS,  S-SnuN  CURL,  THE  HALV- 
ING PRTYCIPLE,  THE  DOUBLING  PRINCIPLE.     PAGES  57-67. 

Write  in  shorthand  Without  referring  to  the  previous  les- 
sons :  Twig,  queer,  quick,  squeak,  squeal,  learn,  panel,  chan- 
nel, family,  mission,  nation,  session,  location,  bother,  writer, 
rubbed,  paid,  bought,  bend,  paved,  cautioned,  mother,  father, 
brother,  neither,  dwell,  quest,  collar,  tunnel,  provision,  passion, 
chatter,  sent,  send,  bread,  trade,  measured,  drift,  drafts,  letter, 
winter,  smother,  loiter,  final,  gallery,  queen,  patience,  scatter, 
edition,  position,  decision,  made,  debt,  papered,  round,  around, 
joints,  center,  shudder,  earned,  words,  square,  quack,  barrels, 
animal,  quiet,  flight,  fright,  brood,  pledged,  east,  cushion, 
application,  achieved,  acted,  protected,  dreaded,  estimate, 
laughter,  tender,  believe,  turkey,  sometimes,  surrender, 
served,  alphabet,  equip,  bequest,  relative,  disposition,  physician, 
sensation,  journal,  cheats,  defendant,  heard,  dictionary,  inquest, 
scholar,  educator,  involution,  execution,  exposition,  finest, 
streets,  tended,  rained,  temper,  hamper,  lumber,  revision, 
occupations,  quoth,  iniquity,  enamel,  ferrule,  exertion,  expres- 
sion, adoption,  vacate,  proposition,  bravest,  elocutionist,  De- 
cember, younger,  finger,  middle,  supposition,  educational,  mel- 
ancholy, anguish,  visions,  friend,  spend,  cleaned,  alteration, 
needle,  accession,  surround,  freedom,  credit,  walked,  feathers, 
motioned,  merit,  sentiment,  peopled,  dispensation,  sensational, 
spiral,  accusation,  pinched,  roughest,  sprained,  timber, 
September,  Easter,  thoughts,  mitigate,  funnel,  magician, 
platter,  twitter,  sound,  fined,  mountain,  bound,  northern, 
civilization. 


124  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


EXERCISE  XXV. 

WORD-SIGNS  AND  PHRASES 
Page  68. 

Opinion,  upon,  been,  general,  generally,  before,  whatever, 
different,  difference,  can,  begin,  begun,  began,  govern, 
governed,  government,  influence,  information,  United 
States,  object,  objected,  objection,  subject,  subjected,  sub- 
jection, several,  knowledge,  acknowledge,  represent,  repre- 
sentative, representation,  should-be,  that-they,  has-been, 
it-has-been,  which-has-been. 

His  information  upon-the  subject  was  wide  ;  his  influence 
with-the  government,  great.  The  subject  under  discussion 
was-the  effect  upon-the  United  States  government,  of  taxa- 
tion without  representation.  Before  you  begin  to  object 
to  this  method  of  work  show  that  your  general  knowledge, 
at  least,  is  good.  Whatever  difference  of  opinion  they 
held  upon  other  subjects,  the  representatives  all  agreed 
upon  this.  You  generally  begin  several  pieces  of  work 
before  finishing  any.  There  is  much  difference  in  meaning 
between  subject  and  object  as-well-as  between  subjection  and 
objection.  A  large  representation  came  before  the  House 
and  offered  several  objections  to-the  bill.  His  general 
knowledge,  and  his  information  upon  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to-the  United  States  government  were  acknowledged. 
They  represent  several  different  societies  by  their  dress. 
Whatever  the)'  began  they  finished.  His  opinion  upon  all 
subjects  was  prized  because  of  his  extended  knowledge. 


PRACTICAL.  SHORTHAND.  125 


EXERCISE  XXVI. 

HALF-LENGTH  WORD-SIGNS. 

Page  70. 

Particular,  particularly,  part,  profit,  prophet,  spirit,  build, 
billed,  board,  behind,  told,  toward,  child,  gentlemen,  gentle- 
man, quite,  could,  accord,  according,  accordingly,  accurate, 
cared,  called,  good,  after,  future,  afford,  that,  without, 
short,  assured,  astonish,  astonished,  astonishment,  estab- 
lish, established,  establishment,  immediate,  immediately, 
somewhat,  nature,  under,  hundred. 

After  doing  quite  accurate  work  they  could  not  afford  to 
make-a  hundred  errors.  The  child  was  told  particularly 
that  it  was  done  for  his  future  good.  The  establishment 
of-a  Board  of  Directors  assured  much  profit  to-the  gentle- 
men of-the  association.  The  time  was  somewhat  short, 
and  they  accordingly  called  on-the  Board  to  build  the 
house  immediately.  They  could  not  afford  to-be  behind- 
the  spirit  of-the  times.  A  particular  part  of-the  profit 
went  to  build  the  church.  He  told-the  gentleman  his 
account  was  quite  accurate.  He  cared  not  to-be  called 
good,  and  was  quite  astonished  that  he  should-be.  After 
much  discussion  they  decided  to  establish  a  firm  in-the 
near  future.  Not  without  astonishment,  he  assured  me 
that  he  was  in  no  immediate  need.  There  are  a  hundred 
things  in  nature  that  interest  and  astonish  us.  The  estab- 
lishment was  somewhat  short  of  money,  after-a  good  finan- 
cial year.  That  part  of-the  profit  you  can  afford  to-do 
without,  in-the  future. 


126  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


EXERCISE  XXVII. 

PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES 
Par.  215/0  229. 

Condense,  contain,  condition,  considerable,  command, 
commence,  unconfined,  accompany,  recommend,  recognize, 
decompose,  accommodation,  contravene.countermand,  con- 
traband, conquest,  consent,  concern,  conditions,  self-re- 
spect, self-same,  self-made,  self-possessed,  enslave,  inspira- 
tion, instruct,  instruction,  instrument,  insult,  insulation, 
magnify,  magnitude,  magnificence,  circumscribe,  circum- 
flex, circumvent,  circumspect,  doing,  engraving,  meaning, 
drifting,  craving,  trying,  contractor,  buying,  stability, 
friendship,  hardship,  township,  legibility,  doings,  tidings, 
forever,  whenever,  myself,  yourself,  themselves,  successful, 
painful,  sleeping,  profitable,  peculiarity,  unseemly,  incon- 
venient, counterfeit,  instrumentality,  ourselves,  herself, 
gazing,  compensation,  admissible,  compact,  compare,  com- 
pass, compassion,  complement,  complete,  complex,  com- 
pose, compromise,  concave,  conceal,  conceit,  conceive, 
concession,  conclusion,  recommence,  recompense,  incom- 
plete, reconcile,  reconstruct,  recognition,  controversy, 
counteraction,  countermarch,  countersign,  self-acting,  self- 
assertion,  self-command,  self-defense,  abusing,  accusing, 
etchings,  buildings,  himself,  thyself,  punctuality,  stability 
prosperity. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  127 


EXERCISE  XXVIII. 

WORD-SIGNS. 
Page  74, 

Opportunity,  dollar,  had,  advertise,  advertisement,  much, 
large,  larger,  bill,  balance,  deliver,  delivered,  delivery, 
correct,  corrected,  character,  aware,  public,  publish,  pub- 
lished, publication,  ever,  however,  never,  nevertheless, 
notwithstanding,  assure,  million,  matter,  now,  first,  impor- 
tant, importance,  improve,  improvement,  impossible,  im- 
possibility, this,  those,  thank,  thousand,  though. 

They  had-a  good  opportunity  to  advertise  in-a  much 
larger  paper.  The  corrected  account  showed  a  balance  of 
one  dollar  in  our  favor.  He  delivered  a  speech  on  public 
characters.  It-is  next  to  impossible  to  attend  to  matters 
of  great  importance  now;  nevertheless  there-will-be  an 
effort  to-do  so.  I  assure  you  that  neither  a  thousand  nor 
a  million  dollars  could  ever  tempt  him  to-do  wrong.  That- 
it-will-be  impossible  to-do  this  is  certain  notwithstanding 
the  fact  of-its  great  importance.  He  did  not  thank  the 
gentleman  though  he  had-a  good  opportunity.  Those  are 
matters  of  importance;  never  neglect  them.  The  first  bill 
of  goods  delivered,  though  large,  was  correct.  The  char- 
acter of-the  publication  is  now  much  improved.  Are-you 
aware  that  in-such-a  case  as  you-mention  there-will-be-a 
larger  bill  than  we  wish-to  pay.  This  opportunity  to  ad- 
vertise may  never  occur  again.  The  first  address  was 
on-the  importance  of-a  good  character.  His  manners  were 
much  improved  by  his  opportunities. 


128  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

Material  for  Practice. 


As  has  been  already  said,  to  become  proficient  in  writing 
shorthand  requires  an  immense  amount  of  practice.  The 
material  on  the  following-  pages  is  given  for  this  purpose; 
not  as  being  sufficient  but  to  show  the  kind  of  matter  that 
should  be  selected,  and  to  start  the  student  in  the  right 
way.  The  words  have  been  counted  and  the  figures  after 
each  letter  or  article,  indicate  the  number  of  words  therein. 
They  are  also  divided  into  groups  of  twenty-five  words  by 
the  accent  mark.  Woroa  connected  by  the  hyphen  are  to 
be  phrased  when  written  in  shorthand.  Difficult  outlines 
or  phrases  are  explained  in  the  foot-notes,  either  by  refer- 
ence to  some  preceding  paragraph  or  by  indicating,  by  the 
use  of  type,  what  shorthand  characters  should  be  used. 
In  this  latter  method,  all  stroke  consonants  are  represented 
by  capitals  and  the  circles,  loops,  hooks,  and  other  appendages, 
by  small  letters.  When  a  stroke  is  to  be  written  upward,  a 
large  italic  is  used.  The  position  of  the  outline  is  denoted 
by  the  figures  i,  2,  3.  The  same  matter  will  also  be  found 
in  shorthand,  beginning  on  page  148. 

These  exercises  should  first  be  written  slowly,  care  being 
taken  to  use  the  proper  characters  and  to  execute  them 
perfectly.  Then  write  the  same  matter  over  hundreds  of 
times,  each  time  writing  correctly  and  a  little  faster  than 
before.  Read  your  notes  after  each  writing  and  observe  and 
correct  any  inaccuracies. 

The  following  marks  may  be  used  in  punctuating: 

xor/period.    {  or      interrogation,    ^exclamation.    -/v>"~-  <"•-/- 

dash.         v£    asterisk.         T-  paragraph.       -t    *  parenthesis. 

=  hyphen,       *  capital,      ^i?  laughter.        7  cheers. 

I  ? 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  129 

Business  Letters. 


ADVERTISING. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

Having  applied  at-the  New-York  office  of-your  agents 
for-the  advertisement  (of  the)1  interest  on-the  bonds  (of 
the)  Chesapeake2  &'  Ohio  R.  R.  Co.3,  payable  on-the  2nd 
prox.,  and-having-been  referred  to-you,  I  would-respect- 
fully  request  a-copy  for-the  columns  of-this'  paper. 

"The  Sun"  is  universally4  admitted  to-be-the-most 
trustworthy-and  instructive  chronicle  of-all5  matters  relat- 
ing to-the  money  market,  and-most  incorporated'  compan- 
ies use-its  columns  to  announce  meetings,  elections,  and- 
dividend  and-interest  notices. 

Mailed  herewith  is-a  copy  of  "The  Sun  "  for-your  con- 
venient scrutiny/  Trusting  to-receive-a  favorable  reply, 

I-am, 

Very-respectfully-yours,  (in). 

BANKING. 

DEAR-SIR:  — 

Your-favors  (of  che)  iSth  inst.  is  received  with  inquiry 
for-the  standing,  etc.,  of  John  Jones,  of-this-city.7 

Mr.  Jones  does'-not  keep  his  personal  account  with-this- 
bank,  and  I-am-not  sufficiently  informed  in-regard  to  his 
matters  to-make-a  statement  about  them.'  Personally  he- 
is-in8  good  standing  here,  and-all-the  business  we-have-done 
with-him  has-been  attended  to  promptly  and  to-our  entire' 
satisfaction. 

Yours-respectfully,  (78). 

1.  Of -the    indicated    by  prox-     5.    Of -all,  VI1. 

imity.     See  283.  6.  Your-favor,  Y--Vr. 

2.  Chesapeake,  CH'-sP-K.  7.  Of-this-city.     See  265, 

3.  R.  R.  Co.     See  266.  8.  Hc-is-in,  hsN1. 

4.  Universally,  N-Vrs'2-Z. 


i3°  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


BOOK  PUBLISHING. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

We-have-your-favor  (of  the)  27th  ultimo,  and-enclose 
circulars  of-some  of-our  best  selling  atlases.  We  should 
like  to  arrange'  with  you  to  handle  our  publications  exclu- 
sively and-permanently  in-your  county  the  coming  season. 

Our  New  Indexed  Atlas  (of  the)  World9  is-a  first-class' 
publication  and-is  meeting  with-a  large  sale  in-all10  parts 
(of  the)  country.  The  retail  prices  are  at-least11  25  per 
cent,  lower-than12  those'  asked  for-works  of  corresponding 
value  on-the  market.  Our  General  Atlas  (of  the)  World 
has-been  made  to  answer-the  demand  for-a  low-priced,' 
household  work.  Anyone  can  sell  our  Pocket  Atlas  and- 
some  agents,  working  on-the  larger  atlases,  carry  it  as-a 
side  issue  for  quick  sale'  where  nothing-else  13  can-be-sold. 
Already  500,000  copies  have-been  sold  and-we-think-it-will 
last  for-several  years. 

We  can'  give-you  exclusive  control  of-a  reasonable 
amount  of  territory  on  any  (of  the)  above  publications, 
excepting-the14  Pocket  Atlas.  Of-this-book  we-do'-not 
keep  any  record,  but  let  anyone  who  applies  sell  it.  We 
can  supply  you  any  or  all  of-the  above  publications  at  33^ 
per  cent.'  discount  from  retail  prices,  and-if-you  wish-to 
examine  samples  before  ordering  stock,  shall-be-pleased  to 
forward  same  at  net  price.  We  supply'-the  agent  with 
everything  necessary  for  learning-the  business  and  start- 
ing-the  canvass. 

Everything  seems  to  point  to-a  lively  business  for-the 
coming  season/  Our  salesmen  in-all  parts  (of  the)  country 
are  sending  in  very  encouraging  reports  and-all  seem  to-be- 

9.  World,  w^-Zd.  13.  Nothing-else,  N-TH*-NG- 

10.  In-all.     See  273.  Ls. 

11.  At-least,  Tlst1.  14.  Excepting-the.     866223. 

12.  Lower-than,  Z'2-Rn. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  131 

pleased  with-the  prospects.  Recently  one'  of-our  sales- 
men reported  selling  twenty-one  copies  of-our  New  In- 
dexed Atlas  (of  the)  World  in-six-days.  We-hope-you-will 
conclude  to  "hitch'  horses"  with-us.15 

Very-truly,  (305). 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

We-are-in-receipt  (of  the)  goods  which-you  return  and- 
credit  them  on-your-account,  with-the-exception  of  l/$  doz. 
Waukenphasts'  and  1-6  doz.  French  Kid,  which  were  dam- 
aged so  they  could- not-be  returned  to-our  stock.  We-are 
compelled  to-sell  odd  lots  like'  these  at  $4.00  per  doz.,  when- 
we  can  find-a  customer,  and-we  could-not  allow-you  more- 
than16  that  amount.  You-can,  no'-doubt,  sell  them  out 
with  less  loss  than  we  could,  and-we-have-no-objection  to- 
your  making-a  reduced  price,  provided  you  do-not'  adver- 
tise them  or  sell  them  in-such  (a)  way  as-to  cause  others 
to  think-you-are  cutting  prices  on-our  regular17  goods. 

We-would'  gladly  allow-you  more  if  we  could  get  more 
for-them,  but  we  cannot  and-prefef  not  to-receive-them 
even  at-this  price.  We'  hold  the  Y^  doz.  subject  to-your 
order,  and-you-will-please  inform  us  at-once18  Avhat  disposi- 
tion to-make  of  same.  By  doing  so'  you-will  greatly 
oblige, 

Yours-truly,  (iSi). 

ELECTRICAL   APPARATUS. 
DEAR-SIR  :  — 

Replying  to-your  enclosed  request  dated  the  nth  and 
asking  for  quotations  on  three  "  communicators,"  we-think- 

15.  \\~ith-its.      See  277.  17.   Regular,  R--G. 

1 6.  More-titan.     806272.  18.  At-oncc.    See  p.  96.  line  11. 


i32  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

there-is19  some  error  in  writing'-the  name  (of  the)  article, 
and  would  suggest  that-your  people  probably  require  com- 
mutators,20 as  there-is-no  part  of-an  electrical21  plant  called- 
a'  communicator.  , 

If-it  is22  commutators  that  are  required,  kindly  obtain 
for-us  the  size  (of  the)  dynamo  upon-which  they-are-to-be 
used,  and'-we-shall-be-pleased  to  quote  you  prices  on  re- 
ceipt-(of)  your  reply. 

Yours-very-truly,  (91). 

FURNITURE. 
GENTLEMEN: — 

We  send-you  to  day,  by-mail,  photograph  of  Chamber 
Suit  which  contains  ten  pieces;  namely,  Bedstead,  Dresser, 
Wash-stand,  Table,  Four  Chairs,  Rocker,  and  Towel'-Rack. 
These  we-have  finished  in  imitation  mahogany  and  antique 
ash;  price  we  make  to-you  $22.50.  We  consider  this  an 
excellent'  good  value,  and-have-made-the  margin  close  in 
hopes  that-you-will-be-able-to  give-us-an  order.  We-have 
four  in  antique'  ash  and-two  in  imitation  mahogany,  with 
more  coming. 

When  you-are  through  with-the  photograph,  kindly  re- 
turn to-us,  and  oblige, 

Yours-truly,  (99). 

GRAIN. 

DEAR-SIR:  — 

Replying  to-your  esteemed-favor  (of  the)  2ist  inst.,  will- 
say  that-we  quote  you  on-the  basis  of  to-day's  market  the 
following'  prices,  which-are'-'3  subject  to  change  as-the 
market  advances  or  declines. 

19.  We-think-there-zs.  See  270.     21.  Electrical,  L2-K-Tr-Kl. 

20.  Commutators,     com      dot-     22.  If-tt-is,  Fts1. 

Ttrs2.  23.    Which-are,  CHf2. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  133 

No.  2  corn,  64%  cts. ;  high  mixed  corn,  66  cts. ;  No.  2 
white'  oats,  44  cts.  These  prices  are  for  delivery  to  Boston 
points,  South  Framingham  included. 

We  send-you-by  to-day's  mail  samples  of-our  coarse  and' 
fine  feed  meal  and  cracked  corn,  which  we-will-sell  you  at 
$1.35  per  hundred,  sacks  included.  Enclosed  you-will-find 
samples'  of  yellow  granulated  meal  and  white  bolted  meal. 
We-will-sell  the  former  at  $1.45  in  sacks  delivered  in  New- 
York,  via' West  Shore  Road;  sacks  6  cts.  extra.  The 
white  bolted  meal  will  cost  you  $1.35  for-same  delivery. 

Please  let-us-know'  by  return  mail  if-you-can  use  any  of- 
the  goods  specified  above.  If  so,  by  sending  us  your 
order,  you-will  greatly  oblige, 

Yours'-very-truly,  (177). 

HARDWARE. 
DEAR-SIR  :- 

We-have-yours  of  yesterday  and-have  received-a  cable- 
gram'24 from  our  London  friends  accepting  your  offer  for 
sheets.  We-have-no  intention'  whatever  of  sending-you 
anything  except-the  exact  make  and  exact  quality  (of  the) 
one  ton  of  sheets  which-you-received  last  month  by  S.  S/ 
Noordland ;  and-we  guarantee  to  supply,  in-every-way  and 
respect,  the  same  quality  and-make. 

If-that  one  ton  proved  satisfactory,  as  you  say'  it  did, 
there-will-be  no  question  about-the  suitability  (of  the) 
steel.  Should-it  not  turn-''  out  exactly  as  per  sample  ship- 
ment, we-are'  ready  to  assume  all-the  consequences.  We- 
think-that  you-will-find  this  guarantee  perfectly  sufficient. 

We-must,  of-course,  also  have-some  assurance  from'-you 
that-you-will  work-the  steel  the  same-as-you  did  before, 
so-as-to  produce  similar  results. 

Awaiting-the  favor  of-your  reply',  we  remain, 

Yours-truly,  (154). 

K-Bl--Gr-M.          25.    Turn,  T--R\\. 


134         PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

HEATING. 

DEAR-SIR:  — 

For-the  consideration  (of  the)  sum  of  one  hundred  eighty- 
six  dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  ($186.75),  we-will  furnish, 
deliver,  and  set  up  complete  in'-your  house  in  Sayville,  L.  I., 
one  No.  44  Richardson's  Cyclone,  portable,  gastight,  re- 
vertible  flue  furnace.  We-will  furnish  and  set  six  new 
register  boxes'  as  indicated  on  diagram.  We-will  provide  and 
put  up  all  hot  air  pipes  in-the  cellar,  chimneys,  etc.,  neces- 
sary to  connect-the  furnace  with'-the  registers  in-a  safe  and- 
proper  manner.  Also  provide  and  put  up  for-the  furnace 
a  heavy  galvanized  iron,  smoke  pipe,  with  patent  draft' 
regulator.  We-are  to-do  all  mason's  and  tinman's  work, 
setting  up  the  furnace  and-fixtures  as  specified  complete 
and  ready  for  use,  and-will'  give-you  a  strictly  first-class 
job  in-every-respect.  We-will  guarantee-the  furnace  to-be 
of  sufficient  capacity  to  warm  the  rooms  to-a'  temperature 
of  70  degrees  in-the  coldest  weather. 

Upon  acceptance  (of  the)  above  proposition,  we-will-be- 
pleased  to  submit  to-you  a  plan  for'  heating  the  house, 
showing-the  manner  of  putting  in-the  pipes,  etc.  It-is  de- 
sirable to-have-an  understanding  how  the  work  is-to-be'- 
done,  before-the  work  is  commenced. 

Very-respectfully  submitted,  (209) 

INSURANCE. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

You  have  doubtlecs  seen  newspaper  account  (of  the) 
burning  (of  the)  American  Excelsior  Mills,  Rochester,  N.- 
Y.,  yesterday  morning,  on-which-the  UNION'  had-a  policy 
of  $4, coo  under  No.  47,861. 

Referring  to  daily  report,  you-will  observe  the  rate  was 
reduced  to  2'  per  cent.  The  reason  for-this  large  reduction 
in  rate  was  that-the  plant  had-been  thoroughly  equipped 
with  automatic  sprinklers,  and-in-the  judgment  (of  the) 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  135 

Factory-Committee  (of  the)  State  of  New-York,  Board  of 
Underwriters,  the  additional  protection  warranted  this  re- 
duction. As  you-are-aware,  we-have-never'  suffered-a 
serious  attack  of-this  sprinkler  craze,  having  held  to-the 
conservative  view  that  until-their  utility  had-been.  thor- 
oughly established,  it-was-the'  part  of  wisdom  to  give  our 
companies  the  benefit  of  any  doubt  we-might  entertain 
on-the  subject.  For-this  reason  we  declined  to  increase' 
our  line,  contenting  ourselves  with-the  line  already  written. 

While  at-this  writing  I-have-no  particulars  as-to-the 
origin  (of  the)  fire,  the'  total  destruction  of-some  65  per 
cent,  (of  the)  entire  plant  is  evidence  to-the  fact  that-the 
sprinklers  were  of  no  practical  value. 

I-enclose'  herewith  diagram  (of  the)  works.  Fire  orig- 
inated in-the  machine  building,  No.  6,  which,  together 
with  Nos.  9,  12,  and  15,  was  totally  destroyed,  unless' it-be-a 
small  salvage  on  No.  12. 

Respectfully,  (234). 

REGARDING  INVESTMENT. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

Please  find  herewith  enclosed  note  for  $600  and-de'ed  of- 
trust  on  eighty  acres  of  land  in  Stafford  County,  Kansas, 
a'-very  choice  loan  which  I-have  selected  for-you.  Please 
also  find  enclosed  draft  on  New-York  for  $17.15,  the  same 
being'  interest  on-the  Robbins  loan  to  Sept.  i,  1892,  from 
which  date  your  new  loan  bears  interest.  I-have  examined 
quite-a  number  of  loans  and-have  at-last'6  selected  this 
as-a  particularly  good  one,  with-which  I-am-sure  you-will- 
be-pleased. 

If-you  have  any'  more  money  that-you  care  to  invest,  I- 
think  I-can  get-you  other  loans  at-(the)  same-rate,  seven 
per  cent,  for  five  years.' 

Respectfully,  (126). 

26.  At-last,  Tlsts. 


136  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

LEATHER. 

Dear-Sir:  — 

We-have-your-favor  (of  the)  27th  and-now  enclose  in- 
voice of-our  shipment  of  No.  537  in-the  lightest  substance 
that'-we  make,  as  you  ordered.  We  have-no  hesitation  in 
saying,  that  for  durability  and  permanency  of  color  and 
gloss,  this  leather  cannot-be  excelled.'  We  should-be 
happy  to-have-your  orders  on  any  (of  the)  grades.  We 
put  them  up  at  28,  26,  24,  and  22  cents,  also'  in  large  skins 
at  22,  20,  18,  and  15  cents.  We  also  send-you  to-day  the 
two  dozens  of  extra  choice  stock  ordered.  Believe  you'- 
will-find  them  to  meet  your  wants. 

Regarding  the  No.  585  stock  cracking,  would-say-that 
while  you-may  find  an  occasional  skin  do'-so,  it-is-not-the 
character  (of  the)  stock.  You-will-find  this  in  Patna 
skins  once  in-a  while  and-it-cannot-be  detected'  from-the 
appearance  (of  the)  skins.  We-are  selling  this  stock 
largely  and-have-no-other  complaint;  we,  therefore,  think 
that-you-may-be  a'-little  unduly  alarmed.  Of-course,  we- 
do-not  wish-to  urge  anything  on-you,  that  might  be  at-all 
a-disappointment,  but-you  know  Patna'  stock  is  treacher- 
ous at  best.  Still,  we-thmk-you-will-find  the  leather  gives 
good  service.  Shall-be-glad  to-have-your  orders,  either 
on'  these  or  on  other  goods  in-our  line. 

Yours-respectfully,  (235). 

LEGAL. 
GENTLEMEN : — 

Regarding-the  matter  of-your  claim  against  Smith  & 
Brown,  we-would-say  that-this  claim  was  put  in  suit  and-is 
still  undecided'.  We-have  sued  E.  Smith  and  N.  Brown, 
alleging  that-they-were  doing  business  together  as  part- 
ners. Mr.  Brown  is-a  man  of-large  wealth'  and-is  able  to 
pay  all -the  accounts  against  himself  and  Smith  but  he  de- 
nies that-he-was-a  partner  in  the  concern. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  X37 

There  were'  quite-a  number  of  suits  commenced  against 
these  parties  in-(the)-same-way,  and-at-the  spring  term  of- 
our  court  it-was  agreed,  among'-the  various  attorneys,  to- 
refer-the  case  to-a  referee  and-have  one-case,  at-least,  tried 
before  him  to  settle-the  point  as-to'  whether  Brown  was-a 
partner  or  not.  The  case  has-not-been  heard  yet,  so-the 
matter  is  still  undecided  and-will-probably  be  for'-some- 
time,  as-it97  will  undoubtedly  go  to-the  Supreme  Court  (of 
the)  State. 

If  we  can  prove  that  Brown  was-a  partner,  there-will'-be 
no  difficulty  about  collecting-the  full  amount  of  your  claim, 
but-as  Smith  is  worth  nothing,  if-we  cannot  prove  that,  the 
claim  will'-be  worthless.  We-will  advise  you  as-soon-as 
a-decision  in-the-matter  is  reached. 

Yours-truly,  (218). 

LEGISLATIVE. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

Your-favor  of-recent-date  has-been  received-and  would 
have-been  answered  sooner,  but  for  my  absence  in-New- 
York  until-the'  recent  session  (of  the)  Legislature. 

The  Legislative  Record  is  published  this  session,  but  so 
far-as  I  know,  the  State  printers  printed  copies  sufficient 
for'-the  Legislature  only,  but  do-not-know-that  they-have 
any  arrangement  to-send  single  copies,  by-mail,  to-others. 
I-will  look  into-the'  matter,  however,  and-if-it-is-possible, 
will-have  it  sent  to-you.  At  Washington,  the  Congres- 
sional Record  is  sent  to  any-one  who  subscribes'  for-it. 
Last  year,  I-remember,  I-had-it  sent-to  me  here  in  Albany, 
during-the  session. 

It-is-not  true,  as  reported,  that'  I-intend  introducing-a 
bill  to  annex  the  town  of  Westchester  to-the  city  of  New- 
York.  At-least  I  would-not  feel  free  to'-do-so,  unless 


138  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

backed  up  by-a  petition  signed  by-a  considerable  ma- 
jority (of  the)  tax-payers  of-your  town.  With-such  action 
back  of-me',  I  would,  of-course,  be-able-to  consider-the 
matter  m-a  favorable  light.  I-have-heard,  in-New-York, 
however,  that  such-a  bill'  will-probably  be  introduced  by-a 
city  member.  I-intend  to  keep  track  of-it  and-will  send 
copies  to-you  and-to-the  newspapers'  of-your  town,  as- 
soon-as  the  bill  is  printed. 

I-have-not-yet  received-your  circular  regarding-the  State 
R.  R.  Commissioners.  I-am-very'  much  in  earnest  in  my 
effort  to  promote  any  reasonable  bill  which-will  give-the 
Commissioners  more  power  than  they  now  possess.  At- 
present,  they'-are  little  more-than  clerks  to-do-the  bidding 
of-their  superiors. 

Very-truly,  (289). 


LUMBER. 

DEAR-SIR:  — 

Replying  to-your-favor  (of  the)  roth  inst.,  we  regret  to 
learn  that,  through-the  disinclination  (of  the)  Erie  railroad 
to  accommodate  us',  you  were  unable  to  carry  out  the  ar- 
rangement made  by  Mr.  Johnson,  with  regard  to-the  un- 
loading and-disposition  (of  the)  portion  (of  the)  Dock'- 
Department28  order  referred  to. 

If-the  Dock-Department  will-not  accept  the  four  sticks 
12x12,  have-the  stevedore29  put-the  timber  into-the'  water 
at  57th  St.,  together  with  any-other  portion  (of  the)  cargo 
for-that  Department  that  may-be  rejected;  and-let  the 
sticks  so  rejected'  be  firmly  rafted  and  secured  at-the-foot 
of  57th  St.  in-such-(a)-manner  that-they  will-not-get  away, 
until  further  disposition  (of  the)  same  can-be-made.  Have- 
the  kindness  to  give-this-matter  your  personal-and  careful 

28.  See  266.  29.   Stevedore,  sTv'-D-R. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  139 

attention,  and  arrange  with-the  stevedore  for-the  cost'  of- 
this-work,  making  as-good-a  bargain  as  you-can  with-him 
and-we  will  see  that-the-amount  is  paid. 

The  Department  will',  undoubtedly,  take-the  balance  of- 
their  portion  (of  the)  cargo  as-fast-as  you-can  discharge  it. 
Yours-truly,  (194). 

RAILROAD. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

Rate  of  $45.00  on-the  horses  from  Syracuse,  N.-Y.,  to 
Springfield,  Mass.,  via  our-route,  would-not-be  profitable. 
If  we'-had  plenty  of  rolling  stock  so-that  our  stock  cars 
would,  at  any-time  of-the  year,  be  liable  to-be  idle,  we  could 
better'  take-up  the  question  with-the  C.  Vt.  R.-R. 

You-should-not  load  hay  on-the  depot  platform.  It-is 
directly  contrary  to-the  rules',  and-the  Company  would-be 
liable  for-all30  damage  done  in-case-of  fire. 

We-will  later  take-up  the  question  of  cattle  suit. 
Very'-truly,  (101). 

REAL  ESTATE. 
DEAR-SIR:  — 

On-the  3oth  day  of  September,  1889,  the  Kinderhook  & 
Hudson  Railway-Company  paid-you  $175  for  right  of'-way 
over-your  premises  and-took-a  warranty  deed  for-(the)- 
same,  free-and  clear  from  all  incumbrances,  but-the  records 
show  that-there-is'-a  mortgage  made  by-yourself  to  Mat- 
thew Foster  for  $2,500,  dated  May  ist,  1884,  and  recorded 
May  8th,  1884',  in  Book  of  Mortgages  No.  60,  page  590. 

Is-this  mortgage  paid?  If  so,  will-you  please  send  me 
the  satisfaction,  so-that' I-can-have-it  recorded?  If-not, 
will-you  see  Mr.  Foster  and-have-a  release  of-these  premi- 
ses from-the  operation  of-this  mortgage'  executed  ? 

An-immediate  reply  will  oblige, 

Yours-truly,  (133). 

30.   For-all,  FK 


140  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Testimony. 


SUPREME  COURT  OF  NEW  YORK. 


EDWARD  W.   SMITH 


PETER  JOHNSON. 


J 


James  M.  Fisher,  being  duly  sworn,  testifies  on  behalf 
(of  the)  plaintiff,  as-follows': 

Direct  examination  by  Mr.  Wheeler: 

Q.31  What-is  your  name?     A.  James  M.  Fisher. 

Q.  How-old  are-you?     A.   I-am  23  years-(of')-age. 

Q.  Where-do-you-reside  ?  A.  I-reside  in-the  city  of  Bal- 
timore, Md. 

Q.  What-is  your  business?  A.  I-am  an  auctioneer' by 
occupation. 

Q.  Do-you-know-the  parties  to-this-action,  plaintiff  and 
defendant  ?  A.  I-am-acquainted  with  Mr.  Edward  W. 
Smith.  I-am'-not  personally  acquainted  with  Mr.  Peter 
Johnson. 

Q.  Are-you  acquainted  with  Richard  F.  Mason  ?  A.  I-am. 

31.  Questions  and  answers  the  extreme  left  edge  of  the 

should"  be   indicated  in  the  paper,  and  all  answers  about 

transcript  by"  Q."  and  "A."  one  inch  from  the  left  edge. 

It  is  not,  however,  necessary  If  the  questions  and  answers 

to  write  these  letters  in  the  are  very  short,  they  may  be 

original    notes,  but  all  ques-  put  on  the  same  line,  leaving 

tions  ma)'  be  commenced  at  considerable  space  between. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  141 

Q.  When-did-you  become  acquainted  with'-him  and- 
where  ?  A.  I-became  acquainted  with-him  in  April,  1891, 
in-the  city  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

Q.  Did-you  enter  into-the'  employ  of,  or-make  any  busi- 
ness arrangement  or  connection  with-said-Mason  ?  A. 
Yes, -sir. 

~~t!X~  State  when,  where,  and  what  brought  it  about?  I  A. 
I'-went  into  his  employ  sometime  in  April,  1889,  in-tnecity 
of  Baltimore.  I-entered  into  his  employ  at-the  instigation 
of-my'-father.  My-father  became  acquainted  with  Mr.- 
Mason  at-the  office  (of  the)  City  Detectives3'2  in-the  City 
Hall.  Mr.-Mason  asked  Mr.  Fred  Wilson',  also  a-detective 
at  that-time,  if-he-could  find-a  good-man  for-his-business, 
and-my-father  told-him  (Mason)  that-his  son'  was  out-of 
business  and-was  seeking  employment. 

Q.  State  what-was-the-nature  (of  the)  business  of-said- 
Mason  ?  A.  He-was  in-the' tea-and  coffee  business. 

Q.  In  what-capacity  were-you  employed  ?  A.  I-was  em- 
ployed as-a  salesman. 

Q.  State where-you-entered  upon-your' employment?  A. 
I-entered  on  my  employment  in-the  city  of  Baltimore. 

Q.  How  long  did-you  continue  with-him  ?  A.  I  contin- 
ued with-him'  about  three  years. 

Q.  Did-your  employment  involve  your  traveling  from- 
place-to-place33  with-said-Mason?  A.  It  did  involve  my 
traveling  from-place'-to-place. 

Q.  State  in  regular  order  the-places  you  went  to,  and-the 
periods  of-time  spent  in-the  various  places,  so  far-as'-you- 
can  remember-them.  ''A.  I  spent  ten  weeks  in  Baltimore; 
from-there  I-went  with-him  to  Philadelphia  and-staved 
about  three-months';  from-there  I-went  with-him  to  Har- 
risburgh,  Pa.,  and-stayed  there  one  week  ;  from-there  I- 
went  with-him  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  and'-stayed  there 


32.  Detectives,  Dt'J-Kt-Vs.     33.  From-place-to-place.   See  284. 


142  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

about  ten  weeks ;  from-there  I-went  with-him  to  Detroit. 
Mich.,  and-stayed  there  about  one  month;  from-there  I- 
went  to'  Chicago  with-him  and-stayed  there  about  one 
month ;  from-there  I-went  with-him  to  Troy,  N.-Y.,  and- 
stayed  there  two-months;  from'-there  I-went  with-him  to 
Cohoes,  N.-Y.,  and-stayed  there  two  weeks;  from-there  I- 
went  with-him  'to  Providence,  R.  I.,  and'-stayed  there 
about  six  weeks;  from-there  I-went  with-him  to  Albany, 
N.-Y.,  and-stayed  there  about  nine  weeks. 

y.  What-was-the'  character  (of  the)  business  and-tho 
nature  of-your-employment  at  each-of  these-places  ?  A. 
We-were  selling  tea-and  coffee  at  $1.00  a'  can  arid-purchas- 
ers found  presents  in-every  can.  I-was  employed  as  sales- 
man at  each-of  these-places. 

Q.  How  did-you-come  to-go'-to  Albany?  A.  I-went- 
there  by-order  of  Mr.  Mason. 

Q.  Who  were-your  fellow  employees  at-the  Albany 
store  ?  A.  W.  H.  Henry',  Stewart  Williams,  Edward  Law- 
rence, Matthew  Frazier,  and  F.  D.  Porter. 

Q.  What-was-the  position  of-each-one  relative  to-the 
business  there?  A.  They'-were  all  salesmen  like  myself, 
with-the  exception  of  F.  D.  Porter,  who-was  cashier. 

Q.  State-whether-you  ever  heard  Mason  assert  or  de- 
clare' anything  about-the  ownership  (of  the)  Albany  store  ? 

Mr!  Scott — I  object  to-that  question. 

The  Court  —  The  objection  is  overruled. 

Mr.  Scott  —  I-take'-an  exception. 

The  Witness  —  He-told-me  in  Philadelphia  for-(the)-first- 
time,34  that-he-was-the  proprietor  (of  the)  Importers'  Tea 
Company,  then  doing'  business  in  Albany. 

Q.  Was-there  any-one  present  at-this-time  except  Mason 
and-yourself  ?  A.  No, -sir.  He-told-me  this  when-we'-were 
alone. 

34.  For-the-first-time.     See  p.  101,  line  10. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  143 

Q.   Do-you-know  J.  W.  Smith?     A.   I-do. 

Q.  What  relationship  does  he-bear  to-the  plaintiff  in- 
this-action?  A'.  He-is-the  son  of  Edward  W.  Smith. 

Q.  Were-you  present  when-the  seizure  was-made  by-the 
sheriff  of  Albany  County?  A.  I'- was. 

Q.  State  who  were  present  at-the-time  of-such  seizure. 
A.  W.  H.  Henry,  Stewart  Williams,  Edward  Lawrence, 
Matthew  Frazier,  and  F.  D.'  Porter. 

— Q.  What-took-place  and  what-was-said  relative  thereto^ 
A.  I  saw  Richard  F.  Mason  take-some-money  out-of  his 
pocket  and'-hand  it  to  Edward  Smith,  who  placed  it  in-the 
cash-box  and-afterwards  took-it  out  and  paid  it  to-the 
sheriff.  This-was'  after-the  sheriff  had  notified  R.  F.  Ma- 
son and  Edward  Smith  that-he  had  levied  on-their  goods. 
After-the  sheriff  went  out,  Mason  said'-that-that  would-be- 
the  last  attachment  and-said  "that's-the-way  I-do  business, 
boys,"  addressing  this  to-the  clerks. 

Q.  Were-you-present'  when-the  sheriff  was  paid-the 
money,  for-the  taking  of-which  this-action  is  brought?  A. 
1-was. 

Q.  Prior  to-the  payment  of'-said-money  to-the  sheriff, 
did-you-know  anything  about-the  levy  about  to-be-made? 
A.  I-did. 

Q.  From  whom  did-you  learn' about-it  ?  A.  Richard  F. 
Mason  told  me  that-he-expected  an-attachment  to-be-laid 
on-the  goods  that  morning,  but-there-would-be'  no  trouble, 
as  he-would  soon  settle  it  and-they  would-go  right  ahead. 

O.  As-near-as  you-can  remember,  what-day'  did-you  en- 
ter-the  store  at  Albany?  A.  I-went  to-the  store  at  Albany 
about-the  ist  of  October,  1891. 

O.  What-day' did  you-leave  ?  A.  About-the  last  of  No- 
vember, 1891. 

O.  What-was-the-name  or  style  under-which-tbe  busi- 
ness was  carried  on' at  Albany?  A.  The  Importers'  Tea 
Company.  (1,057.) 


144  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 


Eulogy  on  Washington. 


SPEECH  IN-HONOR  OF-HIS  CENTENNIAL  BIRTH-DAY,  DE- 
LIVERED BY  DANIEL  WEBSTER,  AT-A  PUBLIC  DINNER 
IN-THE  CITY  OF  WASHINGTON,  FEBRUARY  22',  1832. 


I-rise,  gentlemen,  to-propose  to-you  the  name  of-that 
great-man,  in  commemoration  of  whose  birth,  and-in-honor 
of  whose'  character-and  services,  we-have  here  assembled. 

I-am-sure  that  I  express  a-sentiment  common  to-every- 
one  present,  when  I-say-that  there'-is-something-more- 
than  ordinarily  solemn  and-affecting  in-this-occasion. 

We-are  met  to  testify  our-regard  for-him  whose  name  is 
intimately  blended'  with-whatever  belongs  most  essentially 
to-the  prosperity,  the  liberty,  the  free  institutions,  and-the 
renown  of-our  country.  That  name  was  of  power  to'  rally 
a-nation  in-the  hour  of  thick-thronging  public  disasters 
and  calamities;  that  name  shone,  amid-the  storm  of-war, 
a-beacon  light,  to'  cheer-and  guide-the  country's  friends; 
it  flamed,  too,  like-a  meteor,  to-repel  her  foes.  That  name, 
in-the  days  of  peace,  was-a'  load-stone,  attracting  to  itself 
a  whole  people's  confidence,  a  whole  people's  love,  and-the 
whole  world's  respect.  That  name,  descending  with-all- 
time35,  spreading  over'-the  whole  earth,  and-uttered  in-all- 
the  languages  belonging  to-the  tribes  and  races  of-men, 
will  forever  be  pronounced  with  affectionate  gratitude  by'- 
every-one  in  whose  breast  there-shall  arise  an  aspiration 
for  human  rights  and  human  liberty. 

We  perform  this  grateful  duty,  gentlemen,  at-the  expira- 
tion' of-a  hundred  years  from  his  birth,  near-the  place,  so 


35.    With-all-time,  THl'-T-M. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  145 

cherished36  and  beloved  by  him,  where  his  dust  now  re- 
poses, and-in-the  capital'  which  bears  his-own  immortal 
name. 

All  experience  evinces  that  human  sentiments  are 
strongly  influenced  by  associations.  The  recurrence  of 
anniversaries,  or-of  longer  periods'  of-time,  naturally 
freshens  the  recollection,  and-deepens  the  impression,  of 
events  with-which-they-are  historically  connected.  Re- 
nowned places,  also,  have-a  power  to'  awaken  feeling, 
which  all  acknowledge.  No  American  can  pass  by-the 
fields  of  Bunker  Hill,  Monmouth,  or  Camden,  as  if-they- 
were  ordinary  spots  on'-the  earth's  surface.  Whoever 
visits  them,  feels  the  sentiment  of-love  of  country  kind- 
ling37 anew,  as  if-the  spirit  that  belonged  to-the  transac- 
tions which'-have  rendered  these-places  distinguished, 
still  hovered  round,  with  power  to-move-and  excite  all  who 
in  future  time  may  approach  them. 

But  neither  of'-these  sources  of  emotion  equals  the 
power  with-which  great  moral  examples  affect-the  mind. 
When  sublime  virtues  cease  to-be  abstractions,  when-they 
become'  embodied38  in  human  character,  and  exemplified 
in  human  conduct,  we  should-be  false  to-our-own  nature, 
if-we-did-not  indulge  in-the  spontaneous'139  effusions  of-our 
gratitude  and  our  admiration.  A-true  lover  (of  the)  virtue 
of  patriotism  delights  to  contemplate  its  purest40  models  ; 
and-that  love  of  country  may-be  well  suspected  which  af- 
fects to  soar  so  high  into-the  regions  of  sentiment  as-to-be 
lost  and  absorbed  in-the  abstract'  feeling,  and  becomes  too 
elevated  or  too  refined  to-glow  with  fervor  in-the  commen- 
dation (of  the)  love  of  individual  benefactors41.  All-this 
is  unnatural.'  (525.) 

36.  Cherished,  CH--/?-SHt.  40.  Piirest,    P^A'st.       Written 

37.  Kindling,  K'-Nd-L-NG.  with  upward  r  to  distin- 

38.  Embodied,  Mb'-Dd.  guish  it  horn  poorest. 

39.  Spontaneous,  sPnt'-Ns.  41.  benefactors, Bn2-F-Ktrs. 


146  PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND. 

SELF-RELIANCE. 

BY  R.  W.  EMERSON. 


I  read  the-other-day43  some  verses  written  by-an  eminent 
painter  which  were  original  and-not  conventional.  Always 
the  soul  hears  an-admonition  in'-such  lines,  let  the  subject 
be  what-it-may.  The  sentiment  they  instill  is-of  more- 
value  than  any-thought  they-may  contain.  To-believe' 
your-own  thought,  to-believe  that  what-is  true  for-you  in- 
your  private  heart  is  true  for-all-men  —  that-is  genius. 
Speak  your'  latent  conviction,  and-it  shall-be-the  universal 
sense;  for  always  the  inmost  becomes  the  outmost —  and 
our  first  thought  is  rendered  back  to-us'  by-the  trumpets 
(of  the)  Last  Judgment.  Familiar  as-the  voice  (of  the) 
mind  is  to  each,  the  highest  merit  we  ascribe  to  Moses, 
Plato',  and  Milton  is-that-they  set  at  naught  books  and- 
traditions,  and  spoke  not  what  men,  but  what  they-thought. 
A-man  should  learn  to'  detect  and  watch  that  gleam  of 
light  which  flashes  across  his  mind  from  within,  more-than 
the  lustre  (of  the)  firmament  of  bards  and  sages'.  Yet  he 
dismisses  without  notice  his  thought,  because  it-is-his.  In- 
every  work  of  genius  we  recognize  our-own  rejected 
thoughts  ;  they  come  back'  to-us  with-a  certain  alienated44 
majesty.  Great-works  of  art  have-no-more  affecting  les- 
son for-us  than  this.  They  teach  us  to  abide'  by-our  spon- 
taneous impression  with  good-humored  inflexibility  then 
most  when-the  whole  cry  of  voices  is  on-the-other-side. 
Else  to-morrow  a  stranger  will'-say  with  masterly  good- 
sense  precisely  what  we-have  thought  and-felt  all-the  time, 
and-we-shall-be  forced  to-take  with  shame  our'-own  opinion 
from  another. 

There-is-a  time  in-every-man's  education  when-he  arrives 

43.    Thc-other-day,  THthr-D.  44.   Alienated,   L'-N-Td. 


PRACTICAL  SHORTHAND.  147 

at-the  conviction  that  envy  is  ignorance ;  that  imitation  is' 
suicide  ;  that-he-must  take  himself  for  better  for  worse  as-his 
portion  ;  that-though-the  wide  universe  is  full  of  good,  no 
kernel  of  nourishing  corn  can  come  to-him  but-through 
his  toil  bestowed  on-that  plot  of  ground  which-is  given  to- 
him  to  till.  The  power'  which  resides  in  him  is  new  in 
nature,  and-none  but  he  knows  what-that-is  which  he-can- 
do,  nor  does  he  know  until'  he-has  tried.  Not  for-nothing 
one  face,  one  character,  one  fact,  makes  much  impression 
on  him,  and  another  none.  It-is-not  without  pre-es- 
tablished'45 harmony,  this  sculpture4'1  in-the  memory.  The 
eye  was  placed  where  one  ray  should  fall,  that-it  might  tes- 
tify of-that  particular  ray.  Bravely  let'  him  speak-the  ut- 
most syllable  of-his  confession.  We  but  half  express  our- 
selves, and  are  ashamed  of-that  divine  idea  which  each  of- 
us  represents.'  It-may-be  safely  trusted  as  proportionate 
and-of  good  issues,  so  it-be  faithfully  imparted,  but  God 
will-not-have  his  work  made  manifest'  by  cowards.  It 
needs-a  divine  man  to  exhibit  anything  divine.  A-man  is 
relieved  and  gay  when-he  has  put  his  heart  into  his'  work 
and-done  his  best;  but  what  he-has  said  or  done  otherwise 
shall  give  him  no  peace.  It-is-a  deliverance47  which  does- 
not'  deliver.  In-the  attempt  his  genius  deserts  him  ;  no 
muse  befriends  ;  no  invention,  no  hope. 

Trust  thyself:  every  heart  vibrates  to-that  iron  string. 
Accept'-the  place  the  divine  providence  lias-found  for-you, 
the  society  of-your  contemporaries,  the  connection  of 
events.  Great-men  have-always  done-so,  and'  confided 
themselves  childlike  to-the  genius  of  their-age,  betraying 
their  perception  that-the  Eternal  was  stirring  at-their  heart, 
working  through-their  hands,  predominating'45  in-all-their 
being.  (603.) 

45.  Pre-established,   Pr1    clis-     47.  Deliverance,  Dins-. 

joined  St'J.  48.   Predominating,    Prd'-Mn 

46.  Sculpture,  sKl-Ptr2.  T-XD. 


DU5INESS  LETTERS 

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{           advances 

conspicuous-ly 

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iy 

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d.klicd't     ..,1 

entire 

ism 

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r               tly 

X 

approximate 

iy 

delinquent 
V*.-                          cy 

<(^          especial-ly 

~\_                       lire 
1      architect 

\-  —  N        democrat-ic 

i.  s       essential-ly 

1 

-J  aristocrat-ic 

d 
designate 
cr^^                         tion 

n         executor 

N^-—  auspicious-ly 

.-h  determine 

t»          executrix 

^ 

1 

—  P                           Iy 

~-^--j—  bank 

K            determination 

l^~v   extemporaneous 

"^T~^^~  bankrupt 

1              fy 

1—  —        dignity 

P 

extinct 

^  _^ 

"  "V^A"  ""  bankruptcy 

fied 

r              d 

dilapidate 

_^=3                              ily 
extraordinary 

) 

tion 

\                        d 

—  V  baptize 

^P             diplomat-ic 

^t 

>                    ist 

N^-~\ 

1                «»-y 

V-  benevolent 
ence 

Jo         disadvantage 

.  —  A     hospitable 

ity 

V_>         benignant-ity 

C  \.      discrepant-cy 

iy 

^*^        independent 

c  collect-ed 

^  —  ^discriminate-d 
0                                  tion 

v  —  1      indifferent 

Abbreviations 

169 

indiguant-ly 

^              **-/  magnetic 

A-      reform-ed 

indiscriminate 

^    ""        if     "^magnetism 

/   Vl^     reformation 

\c       manufacture-d 

\_,j      infinite-ly 

^/\.                   ,   . 

manuscript 

x 

*"  —  "Vx     infinitesimal-ly 

.S.  —  -\£—  republican 

influential 

X        messenger 

A                    iy 

/    ^^^«.    repugnant 

^-^ 

ce 

^—  »-1 

.    mortgage-d 

.  

inheritance 

o 

require 

inquire 

v  <"          neglect-ed 

f  3 

require 

inst. 

N  —  if        next 

A             ful 

/  \        respect-ed 

iy 

v_P                        ive 
instinct 
^^                   ively 

^         passenger 

/   \J       respective-ly 

rual 

\X\      perpendicular-ly 

tactory 

intellect 

satisfy 

ually 

iy 

ily 

^ 

\  /\      perpetual 

v  —  x|                             d 
U>     intimidate 

v                           ate 

\         special-ly 

tion 

X               ly 

irrespective-ly 

\             perspicuous 
N  ity 

^s-~x      stenographer 

X          irresponsible 

0 

plenipotentiary 
y 

^3      substantial 

Cf           jurisdiction 

\  practicable 
ility 

cv    ^—  - 

territory 

</          jurisprudence 

\J             preliminary 

?                   iy 

1v_^      tranquil 
ity 

/•    N_^_    magazine 

^\            privilege-d 

n 

[  D        transfer 

iy 

^9                         ed 

magnanimous 

"    \"     prospect 

^—  "^  —  \  unreasonable 

/"—  ity 

ive 

170 

Phra 

ses 

^ 
^ 

your  favor 
your  valued  favor 

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First  National  Bank 
Savings  Bank 

^ 

esteemed  favor 

^ 

General  Superintendent 

<S* 

we  regret 
we  received 

^ 

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in  our 

r 

^ 

in  our  store 

r 

CA 

Yours  respectfully 

-4  

at  our  store 

-^ 

v 

Very  respectfully  yours 
\there  are  some 

-W- 
^ 

at  my  store 
wholesale  store 

0^ 

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such  will 

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there  are  several 

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f 

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yes  sir 

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give  this  matter 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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